Differential effects of conventional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of the cerebellum on offset analgesia
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Background : Endogenous analgesic systems in the brain modulate pain perception. Offset analgesia (OA) describes the large decrease in perceived pain in response to a minor decrease in applied painful thermal stimulus. Here non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) of the cerebellum is used to probe OA. Methods : An OA protocol individualized to heat pain threshold (HPT) was applied via TSA-II (Medoc, Israel). Heat was ramped to HPT, with a transient temperature increase of HPT+1°C. NIBS interventions were applied prior to OA in 46 participants within a sham controlled repeated measures design. Cathodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high-definition (4X1) transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) were applied in separate experimental sessions to examine whether diffuse (tDCS) or focal (HD-tDCS) stimulation differentially modulates OA. Results : OA induced hypoanalgesia was robust, with 90% of responses showing a substantial drop in perceived pain (δVAS) following the 1°C fall in temperature, with an average VAS decrease of 38 in response to the 1°C fall in temperature. Cathodal cerebellar HD-tDCS enhances the analgesic impact of OA on four OA parameters (OA latency, VAS minimum, VAS mean and VAS 2nd max) relative to pre-stimulation. Conventional tDCS modulates two OA metrics relative to pre-stimulation (OA duration, VAS 2nd max) with an increase in OA duration following sham tDCS. Conclusion : There is a differential influence of conventional and high-definition cerebellar NIBS on OA. This is suggestive of cerebellar modulation of OA and highlights the importance of electrode montage in delineating the influence of the cerebellum in pain processing.Keywords:
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Brain stimulation
Background: Cortical plasticity underlies the brain's ability to compensate and adapt after neurological and musculoskeletal injury. However, increasing evidence demonstrates that plasticity can also be maladaptive, contributing to functional impairment in a variety of conditions. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging brain stimulation technique with the potential to alter cortical plasticity and prime the brain to enhance learning. If the potential of this technique can be harnessed, tDCS may provide a novel therapeutic approach in physiotherapy practice. Objectives: This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms, stimulation parameters and clinical applications of tDCS. Major findings: tDCS is an emerging and novel technique. Evidence at this early stage is promising with reductions in pain scores and improvements in motor function noted across a range of conditions. However, further research is needed before clinical efficacy and safety can be determined. Conclusions: tDCS is a powerful, non-invasive brain stimulation technique with the potential to improve outcomes in neurological and musculoskeletal conditions. Further research is needed using large sample sizes, long-term follow-up and a range of patient populations before the technique is available for clinical use. However, tDCS may be useful as a standalone therapy or as an adjunct to other physiotherapy treatments in the future.
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is non-invasive brain stimulation technique increasingly used for modulation of central nervous system excitability in humans. The use of non-invasive brain stimulation has significant advantages, such as not involving surgical procedures and having relatively mild adverse effects. In recent years there has been an exponential rise in the number of studies employing tDCS as a means of gaining an improvement on motor and cognitive function in patients with neurological diseases. In the present review, we will first introduce a brief background on the basic principles of tDCS. We also summarize recent studies with tDCS that aimed at enhancing behavioral outcome or disease-specific symptoms in patients suffering from stroke, movement disorders, Alzheimer disease, and epilepsy. Although outcomes of tDCS trials include some conflicting results, the evidence supports that tDCS might have a therapeutic value in different neurological conditions. Key Words: Brain, Excitability, Modulation, Transcranial direct current stimulation
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a popular brain stimulation method that is used to modulate cortical excitability, producing facilitatory or inhibitory effects upon a variety of behaviors. There is, however, a current lack of consensus between studies, with many results suggesting that polarity-specific effects are difficult to obtain. This article explores some of these differences and highlights the experimental parameters that may underlie their occurrence. We provide a general, practical snapshot of tDCS methodology, including what it is used for, how to use it, and considerations for designing an effective and safe experiment. Our aim is to equip researchers who are new to tDCS with the essential knowledge so that they can make informed and well-rounded decisions when designing and running successful experiments. By summarizing the varied approaches, stimulation parameters, and outcomes, this article should help inform future tDCS research in a variety of fields.
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Abstract Purpose Identifying the effective treatments for diseases has been a critical issue in daily clinical practice, especially for Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). Abundant evidence showed that non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has the potential to slow or reverse cognitive function decline. Among them, the transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) would be relatively safe for patients with AD. The purpose of this study was to review the relevant articles to explore the mechanism and effect of tDCS and other NIBS in AD treatment. Methods All the reported works were retrieved from two databases (i.e., PubMed and Google Scholar) by using the keywords “NIBS” and “AD”. The mechanisms and effects of different NIBS applied in AD, including transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), transcranial near-infrared (tNIR) light therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial electric stimulation (TES) were reviewed. Results The positive effects of TUS and tNIR on AD were supported by a few small samples and uncontrolled pilot studies. tDCS and repetitive TMS have been often used in an attempt to improve the cognition in people with brain disorders. Both the tDCS and TMS have benefits in AD by introducing long-term potentiation like change in synaptic strength. The reports showed that tDCS could be more safe, convenient, affordable, and well-tolerated method among all applications for AD treatment. Conclusion In this review, it was shown that all the NIBS have positive effects on AD treatment. But, however, tDCS showed the great potential in improving the cognition of AD.
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Enhancing creative problem solving with neuromodulatory approaches is gaining increased interest. However, inconsistent findings of the success in such approaches emphasize the need for a comprehensive overview of the effect of using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on creative thinking. The current meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether creative thinking can be improved by NIBS, especially through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). 34 studies with 97 effect sizes (N = 1574 participants, 84 in excitatory stimulation, and 13 in inhibitory stimulation) were included. Our analyses showed that excitatory NIBS had a small but positive effect on creative performance for both divergent and convergent thinking, but inhibitory NIBS showed non significant effects. For tDCS studies, there was an excitatory effect via anodal tDCS over the left dorsal prefrontal cortex, and an inhibitory effect via cathodal tDCS over the left inferior frontal gyrus on creative thinking. Our study suggests brain stimulation may hold the key to unleash creativity and also highlights issues to be addressed in future research.
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Experimental studies suggest that the non-invasive brain stimulation technique transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may potentiate rehabilitation following stroke and lead to improved motor function. This effect is believed to be due to correction of imbalanced interhemispheric inhibition. The results of recent trials are promising, but optimal stimulation paradigms are yet to be determined and further investigations are required, before tDCS can be recommended for stroke rehabilitation.
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Non-invasive brain stimulation with weak direct currents (transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)) has emerged as one of the major tools to induce neuroplastic cortical excitability alterations in humans since its (re-) introduction to the ars
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is an emerging technique of noninvasive brain stimulation that has been found useful in examining cortical function in healthy subjects and in facilitating treatments of various neurologic disorders. A better understanding of adaptive and maladaptive poststroke neuroplasticity and its modulation through noninvasive brain stimulation has opened up experimental treatment options using TDCS for patients recovering from stroke. We review the role of TDCS as a facilitator of stroke recovery, the different modes of TDCS, and the potential mechanisms underlying the neural effects of TDCS.
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