Gaze and Height Design for Acceptable Touch Behaviors
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This study investigates the effects of two communication cues related to robot-initiated touch behaviors: gaze height for making eye contact and speech timing. We developed a robot system that can touch people in bed using a touch sensor, and we used it to experimentally investigate the effects of communication cues. Our experiment results showed that before-touch timing speech is preferred to after-touch timing speech. On the other hand, we found no significant differences in the gaze height at which eye contact should be made.By borrowing the wisdom of human in gaze following, we propose a two-stage solution for gaze point prediction of the target persons in a scene. Specifically, in the first stage, both head image and its position are fed into a gaze direction pathway to predict the gaze direction, and then multi-scale gaze direction fields are generated to characterize the distribution of gaze points without considering the scene contents. In the second stage, the multi-scale gaze direction fields are concatenated with the image contents and fed into a heatmap pathway for heatmap regression. There are two merits for our two-stage solution based gaze following: i) our solution mimics the behavior of human in gaze following, therefore it is more psychological plausible; ii) besides using heatmap to supervise the output of our network, we can also leverage gaze direction to facilitate the training of gaze direction pathway, therefore our network can be more robustly trained. Considering that existing gaze following dataset is annotated by the third-view persons, we build a video gaze following dataset, where the ground truth is annotated by the observers in the videos. Therefore it is more reliable. The evaluation with such a dataset reflects the capacity of different methods in real scenarios better. Extensive experiments on both datasets show that our method significantly outperforms existing methods, which validates the effectiveness of our solution for gaze following. Our dataset and codes are released in https://github.com/svip-lab/GazeFollowing.
Leverage (statistics)
Position (finance)
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We propose a gaze movement model that enables an embodied interface agent to convey different impressions to users. Managing one's own impression to influence the behaviors of others plays an important role in human communications. To create a new application area which involves agents in this kind of social interaction, interface agents that manage their impressions are required. For this purpose, we build the gaze movement model based on three gaze parameters picked from a large number of psychological studies: amount of gaze, mean duration of gaze, and gaze points while averted. In this paper, we introduce the gaze movement model and gaze parameters. We then present an experiment in which subjects evaluated the impressions created by nine gaze patterns produced by altering the gaze parameters. The results indicate that reproducible relations exist between the gaze parameters and impressions, which shows the validity of the model
Impression
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Impression management
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Classic gaze theory that was underlined by Laura Mulvey in 1975 which claims the male gaze objectifies woman and turns the woman into a sex object, is lack in the explaining gaze from man to man. In Tom Ford’s A Single Man the gaze is used from man to man different from man to woman and it is not perceived as something negative. By providing a queer gaze analysis, this article will show how homosexual people live their intimate feelings by gaze and how gay gaze can be different from the classic gaze in a way that it does not reduces the other one in an interior position.
Male gaze
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We propose a gaze movement model that enables an embodied interface agent to convey different impressions to users. Managing one's own impression to influence the behaviors of others plays an important role in human communications. To create a new application area which involves agents in this kind of social interaction, interface agents that manage their impressions are required. For this purpose, we build the gaze movement model based on three gaze parameters picked from a large number of psychological studies: amount of gaze, mean duration of gaze, and gaze points while averted. In this paper, we introduce the gaze movement model and gaze parameters. We then present an experiment in which subjects evaluated the impressions created by nine gaze patterns produced by altering the gaze parameters. The results indicate that reproducible relations exist between the gaze parameters and impressions, which shows the validity of the model
Impression
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Impression management
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In this paper, we propose a model to control an agent's gaze behavior called Interactive Kinetics-Based Gaze Direction Model(iK-Gaze). iK-Gaze is a model used in one-to-one interaction between an agent and a human, where the agent's gaze direction is calculated using an energy function which uses the human's gaze direction as its input. iK-Gaze aims to generate the agent's gaze through interactions with a human rather than using predefined motions and predefined timings. Contrary to rule-based or statistics-based models, the agent's gaze motion changes dynamically according to the human's gaze motion. Moreover, by utilizing three parameters of the desire to look, the mutual gaze hesitation, and the mutual gaze stress in the iK-Gaze, the tendency of the agent's gaze behavior can be changed easily. From the case study, the fact that agent's gaze behavior changes according to the human gaze behavior is confirmed.
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This chapter builds upon MacCannell's second gaze to propose a third gaze: a gaze that offers a deeper look into the gaze, and this time goes truly beyond the visible to reach the invisible in the unconscious of the host gaze. The third gaze is ingrained in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytical concepts and theories advanced by Freud and Lacan. Similar to Foucault's gaze of the medic, this gaze is the gaze of the tourism academic upon the gaze of the tourism gaze. The third gaze is defined as the gaze of the gazer upon the gaze of the gazer gazing upon the object of the gaze. The intention of this gaze tries to understand the 'whys' of the host gaze from a psychoanalytical perspective.
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We humans have the ability to follow others' gaze and estimate their gaze targets, which is called gaze following. In social communication, we are constantly doing gaze following to gain more information. With the development of society, gaze following has gained more significant applications, such as offline retail and assistive healthcare. To automate the process of gaze following, people hope that computers can also acquire this ability. However, there are relatively few relevant studies in the field of computer vision, and many studies have failed to focus on image features that are helpful for gaze following. In this paper, we propose a gaze following method based on attention mechanism, which enables the gaze direction estimation network to focus on more effective spatial features and the saliency estimation network to focus on more effective channel features. By concatenating the two networks, we ultimately obtain the predicted heatmap of the gaze point. The experimental results show that our method can effectively improve the performance of gaze following.
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Nonverbal cues have multiple roles in social encounters, with gaze behaviour facilitating interactions and conversational flow. In this work, we explore the conversation dynamics in dyadic settings in a free-flow discussion. Using automatic analysis (rather than manual labelling), we investigate how the gaze behaviour of one person is related to how much the other person changes their gaze (frequency in gaze change) and what their gaze target is (direct or avert gaze). Our results show that when one person is looked at they change their gaze direction with a higher frequency compared to when they are not looked at. They also tend to maintain a direct gaze to the other person when they are not looked at.
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