Taurine Regulates the Expression of Interleukin −17/10 and Intestinal Flora and Protects the Liver and Intestinal Mucosa in a Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Rat Model
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Purpose: To investigate the intestinal inflammatory response and the abundance of intestinal bacteria in rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and assess the intervention effects of taurine (TAU). Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: group I, normal diet and normal saline gavage; group II, normal diet and TAU gavage; group III, HFD and normal saline gavage; group IV, HFD and TAU gavage (from the 1st week); group V, HFD and TAU gavage (from the 10th week). At the end of the 16th week, all the animals were sacrificed. Body weight, liver weight, liver function, and serum lipid levels were measured. The histopathologies of the liver and ileum were observed. The mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-10 in the ileum were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Three types of bacteria were detected in intestinal feces using the 16S rDNA qPCR method. Results: The ileal IL-17 level in group III was significantly higher than those in the other four groups (P < 0.01). The ileal IL-10 mRNA levels in group IV was significantly higher than those in groups III and V (P < 0.05), and IL-10 protein MOD levels in group III was significantly lower than those in the other four groups (P < 0.01). The numbers of Lactobacillus in group III were significantly lower than those in the other four groups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The numbers of Bifidobacteria in groups IV and V were significantly increased compared with that in group III (P < 0.05). Conclusion: TAU may down-regulate the expression of IL-17, up-regulate the expression of IL-10 and regulate the intestinal flora, and alleviate the liver and intestinal damage in rats with HFD-induced NAFLD. Keywords: taurine, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, interleukin 17, interleukin 10, intestinal barrier, gut microbiotaKeywords:
Intestinal mucosa
Prebiotic
Liver disease
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Objective:To investigate the protective effects of growth hormone(GH) on intestinal mucosa barrier in rats,and to provide the experimental gist for using recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH) after 70% hepatectomy.Methods:Ninety rats were randomized into control,NS and rhGH groups,hepatic left and right lobe of rats in NS and rhGH groups were resected in the latter two groups. Drug was injected continuosly for 6 days. On post-operative 1st,2nd,3rd,5th and 10th day,thickness of mucosa and height of villi of rat ileum were examined by the image analysis instrument and morphology of ileum was observed;proliferate cell nucleus antigen(PCNA) of ileum mucosal epithelium was determined by immunohistochemical technique. In addition,the content of plasma endotoxin was examined on post-operative 1st,2nd and 3rd day.Results:On the 1st and 2nd day of 70% hepatectomy,endotoxin evidently rose,but it was not markedly different between rhGH group and control group. Ileum mucosa distinctly shrunk and villi thinned and PCNA of ileum mucosal epithelium distinctly descended(P0.01) on 3rd,and 5th day. Above results evidently rose on the 3rd day of using rhGH(P0.01) and were as same as control group on the 5th day.Conclusion:The intestinal mucosa barrier is damaged after major hepatectomy and rhGH therapy can protect markedly the intestinal mucosa barrier and reduce endotoxemia.
Intestinal mucosa
Barrier function
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Osmoregulation
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The gut microbiota has been reported to exert a significant influence on various physiological responses of hosts. Extensive evidence has recently emerged linking metabolic and cardiovascular disorders to the gut microbiota. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common underlying metabolic disorder, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In this study, we aim to review the relationship between the gut microbiota and NAFLD, and explore the potential of the gut microbiota as a novel target for NAFLD treatment.
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In the small intestine mucosa of 24 gnotobiotical piglets experimentally infected the first day post partum with oocysts of the coccidium Isospora suis, the activities of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (EC.3.4.14.5.; DAP IV) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (EC.2.3.2.2.; GGT) in the microvillous zone of enterocytes were evaluated by scanning densitometry. The tissue of the small intestine in piglets infected with a dose of 100,000 oocysts of the coccidia of I. suis was examined in the period from the first till the eleventh day post infection (DPI). In the control piglets at the age of 2-5 days it was found that most of the DAP IV activity was located in the microvillous zone of the enterocytes of the middle jejunum, rear jejunum and ileum. The DAP IV activity of duodenum mucosa was lower; as compared with the activity in the mucosa of the jejunum and ileum it reached 53-57%. In the case of GGT activity, the highest density values of the reaction product were recorded in the microvillous zone of enterocytes of the duodenum and the whole jejunum, the lowest in the ileum mucosa (86-89%) of the activity found in the duodenum and jejunum). During the experimental infection the infected piglets had a significant deficit of both peptidases, especially DAP IV (the whole studied period). The development of GGT activity was slightly different with the onset of the marked decline of the enzyme activity only on the fifth DPI. The lower GGT activity persisted till the eighth DPI. The density of the GGT reaction product began to return to the normal on the ninth to eleventh DPI. No predisposition in the location of the deficit was observed in the peptidases studied during the infection. The decline of the activity of both enzymes influenced also the mucosa of all studied parts of the small intenstine. The difference lay in the relevance of lowering of the density of reaction product of DAP IV and GGT on other DPI and in the different intensities of the return of the activity to the physiological normal.
Jejunum
Intestinal mucosa
Coccidia
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Jejunum
Occludin
Intestinal mucosa
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In order to study the protective effect of ATP-MgCl2 on gut mucosal barrier function in trauma-induced stressed animal, full thickness burn of 30% total body surface area (TBSA) was produced in rats, and ATP-MgCl2 was injected intraperitoneally right after scald-injury. Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of ileum mucosa were determined and morphological alteration in the ileum was observed under light microscope. The results showed that ileum mucosal MDA content increased significantly, accompanied by obvious morphological change, after the injury, whereas MDA content was maintained at the normal control level and pathological alteration in ileum tissue was abated after the use of ATP-MgCl2. It suggests that ATP-MgCl2 possesses a protective effect on gut mucosal barrier function of scald-injured rat, and the mechanism involved may be related to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in gut mucosa.
Malondialdehyde
Intestinal mucosa
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The occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is correlated with genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The gut microbiota plays a key role in the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD. The modification of gut microbiota has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of NAFLD. The diet and the composition are able to have direct and long-term impact on the gut microbiota composition and function. Any modulation of the diet, such as low-fat diet, increasing unsatuated fatty acids and incorporating a larger proportion of non-digestible carbohydrates into the diet may be effective modulating the gut microbiota and have therapeutic effects on NAFLD. But there are some controversies about the effects of diet high in protein.
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Gut microbiota; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Diet intervention
Pathogenesis
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After establishing a new method of autologic-allotopic ileum mucosa transplantation as a therapy for short-bowel syndrome, the effects of glutamine and human epithelial growth factor (human EGF) on the transplanted ileum mucosa were evaluated.Ileum mucosa was transplanted in 28 young beagle dogs in a demucosed vascularised transverse colon segment. The ileum mucosa was kept in place with silicone stents in all animals. Eight animals of the control group were irrigated with saline solution. In the second group with 10 animals, 100 mg/kg glutamine were administered daily in the lumen. The 10 animals of the third group were treated with 25 microg/kg human EGF per day subcutaneously and irrigated with saline solution. 4 weeks later, histological specimens were harvested from the colon coat-ileum mucosa complex, the normal ileum and normal colon. Lumen diameter, percentage ileum mucosa uptake as well as mucosa and colon muscle coat thickness were evaluated.In all groups, the diameter of the lumen was larger than 10 mm after fixation, due to the silicone stent. The group with glutamine irrigation showed the largest lumen diameter. A complete mucosa lining of the inner surface of the colon muscle coat was achieved in none of the animals. The highest percentage of ileum mucosa uptake was found in the group with glutamine irrigation. In most animals, the transplanted ileum mucosa was markedly thinner than normal ileum mucosa. Only in the group with glutamine irrigation did we find two animals with nearly normal mucosa thickness. The longitudinal muscle of the transplanted colon coat was thicker in all three groups compared to normal colon. There were no differences in thickness of the circular muscle in all animals compared to normal colon.Silicone stents maintain a lumen after autologic-allotopic ileum mucosa transplantation. However, additional irrigation with glutamine, as well as treatment with human EGF subcutaneously could not provide a complete lining of the colon muscle coat with transplanted ileum mucosa. A modification of the operative procedure is necessary to achieve a colon muscle coat that is completely lined with ileum mucosa before the absorptive capacity of the transplanted colon coat-ileum mucosa complex can be evaluated.
Intestinal mucosa
Lumen (anatomy)
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Chickens were vaccinated with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts on day-old 7 and 14 respectively and injected simultaneously with 5 000 U recombinant chicken interferon gamma(rChIFN-γ).Then,the chickens were challenged with 5×104 homologous E.tenella sporulated oocysts on day-old 21 respectively,and their duodenum,caecum,jejunum and ileum were sampled for detecting the numbers of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes(IELs),goblet cells(GCs) and mast cells(MCs) in the intestinal mucosa by HE and PAS methods.The numbers of IELs and GCs in the chickens injected with rChIFN-γ were significantly more than those of the control chickens immunized only with E.tenella oocysts.The numbers of MCs in duodenum,caecum,jejunum and ileum of the chickens simultaneously injected with rChIFN-γ were also more than those of the controls vaccinated only with oocysts.These results showed that rChIFN-γ could stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of these immune-associated cells in the intestinal mucosa of chickens and boost the innate immunity against coccidiosis.
Jejunum
Caecum
Intraepithelial lymphocyte
Intestinal mucosa
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