Synthesis and Application of Polymer SXFA in the Detection of Organophosphine Agents with a SAW Sensor
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The effective detection of isopropyl methylfluorophosphonate (GB, sarin), a type of organophosphine poisoning agent, is an urgent issue to address to maintain public safety. In this research, a gas-sensitive film material, poly (4-hydroxy-4,4-bis trifluoromethyl)-butyl-1-enyl)-siloxane (SXFA), with a structure of hexafluoroisopropyl (HFIP) functional group was synthesized by using methyl vinylpropyl dichlorosilane and hexafluoroacetone trihydrate as initial materials. The synthesis process products were characterized using FTIR. SXFA was prepared on a 200 MHz shear surface wave delay line using the spin-coating method for GB detection. A detection limit of <0.1 mg/m3 was achieved through conditional experiments. Meanwhile, we also obtained a maximum response of 2.168 mV at a 0.1 mg/m3 concentration, indicating the much lower detection limit of the SAW-SXFA sensor. Additionally, a maximum response standard deviation of 0.11 mV with a coefficient of variation of 0.01 and a maximum recovery standard deviation of 0.22 mV with a coefficient of variation of 0.02 were also obtained through five repeated experiments. The results show that the SAW-SXFA sensor has strong selectivity and reproducibility, good selectivity, positive detection ability, high sensitivity, and fast alarm performance for sarin detection.Keywords:
Isopropyl alcohol
The application of wireless surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors is state of the art for several years. These sensors are capable of measuring physical quantities in harsh environments. Beside electrical characterization, the SAW wave field, i.e. the lateral distribution of surface normal displacement, gives significant information on the operation of SAW devices, so on loss evolution and the generation of parasitic modes. Knowledge of wave fields can also support custom design of SAW devices with special sensor functionality under extreme conditions. Here, we present for the first time results of in-situ wave field measurements in a SAW resonator device operated at high temperature.
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SAW chemical sensors are surface acoustic wave devices that have been coated with a thin layer of chemoselective material, e.g. a functionalized polymer. The SAW chemical sensor is sensitive to mass and physical changes in the properties of the coating. The chemoselective polymer is tailored for gas(es) of interest and acts as a sponge to concentrate gas at the surface of the SAW device. During operation, a wave is directed across the surface of the SAW device, and when the polymer coating sorbs gaseous molecules, the velocity of the surface acoustic wave is perturbed. The sorption of a gas is readily detected by monitoring the oscillating frequency of the device. Although no single SAW device is selective to a single compound, arrays of SAW sensors can be used in conjunction with pattern recognition techniques to detect and identify a wide variety of gases. The prototype SAW sensor system described in this paper is called the SAWRHINO. The SAWRHRINO includes two temperature-controlled 3-SAW sensor arrays with an automated dual gas sampling system.
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Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) based device is very much suitable for detecting very small quantity of vapours of explosive chemicals. There are three possible kinds of SAW devices which can be used for sensor fabrication such as delay lines, resonator and filter. Choice among them depends on individual preferences and sometimes it is the matter of chance. In this paper, a high frequency 70 MHz SAW device has been developed for the detection of chemical warfare (CW) agents. SAW device is fabricated on ST -quartz substrate as it has negligible temperature coefficient at room temperature. The device is having dual oscillator circuit configuration for compensating the effects of temperature, humidity and pressure. Device is coated with suitable polymer and the applicability of the sensor for Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) detection has been demonstrated.
Vapours
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Abstract A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is perturbed due to physical and/or chemical changes in an adjacent medium. If a liquid‐phase sensor is to be realized, a shear horizontal SAW (SH‐SAW) must be used. SH‐SAW sensors have been investigated since 1987. Objects measured using an SH‐SAW sensor include not only immunoreactions but also liquid properties. The advantage of an SH‐SAW sensor is the simultaneous detection of the mechanical and electrical properties of liquids. In this paper, first, the theory behind the SH‐SAW sensor is described. Then experimental results using the SH‐SAW sensor on 36YX‐LiTaO 3 are introduced. In addition, the sensor sensitivities of the SH‐SAW sensors that have been fabricated on piezoelectric substrates are theoretically compared. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(2): 41–49, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10407
Chemical sensor
Interdigital transducer
Liquid phase
Acoustic sensor
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Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technique is one of the most promising MEMS-based detection systems for gas sensing. It depends on the modulation of SAW to detect the target gases. The benefits of an acoustic wave hydrogen sensor include high sensitivity, simplicity, stability, quick response time, etc. The SAW sensor converts an input electrical signal into an acoustic wave which can be easily influenced under mass loading. The change in amplitude, phase, frequency or time-delay between the input and output electrical signals can be used to measure the presence of hydrogen. In the present work, the SAW sensor was designed and fabricated for a resonant frequency of 100 MHz on a Lithium Niobate substrate with palladium (Pd) thin film as the sensing layer. The sensor exhibited linear shift in resonant frequency as a function of hydrogen concentration.
Hydrogen sensor
SIGNAL (programming language)
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The surface acoustic wave (SAW) used for the filters of mobile communication systems is a wave that propagates with its energy concentrated on the surface of an elastic substrate such as a piezoelectric crystal. Therefore, the propagation characteristics of the wave (phase velocity and amplitude) vary according to the physical and chemical variations of the SAW propagation surface. By detecting these variations, a SAW sensor can be realized. This article describes shear-horizontal-SAW (SH-SAW) sensors with which sensing in a liquid phase is possible. The SAW propagating in a piezoelectric material is a propagating wave with the particle displacement and the piezoelectric potential coupled. Hence, it is possible to separately detect the physical values of the liquid affecting the particle displacement and those affecting the piezoelectric potential. The former are the mechanical interactions between the SH-SAW and the liquid; the latter are the acoustoelectric interactions between the SH-SAW and liquid. In this article, detection principles and measurement examples are described. As an application example using a SH-SAW sensor, measurements of acid rain are presented. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 81(11): 9–17, 1998
Particle displacement
Phase velocity
Particle velocity
Physical acoustics
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Acoustic wave sensors are highly sensitive in detecting the properties of solid or fluid materials in contact with their surfaces, including the surface mass change, liquid density, liquid viscosity and electrical conductivity. In this paper, primarily, the commonly used acoustic wave sensors are reviewed and their mass sensitivities are compared. The fundamentals of the sensing system using the shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensor on a 36° rotated Y-cut X-propagating LiTaO 3 are described. Since the high sensitivity of the electrical perturbation is a significant advantage of the SH-SAW sensor, its applications based on acoustoelectric interaction are also presented.
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A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is perturbed from physical and/or chemical changes of an adjacent medium. If a liquid-phase sensor is realized, a shear horizontal SAW (SH-SAW) must be used. The SH-SAW sensors been investigated since 1987. Measuring objects of the SH-SAW sensor are not only immunoreactions but also liquid properties. Feature of the SH-SAW sensor is simultaneous detection of mechanical and electrical properties of liquid. In this paper, first, theory of the SH-SAW sensor is described. Then experimental results using the SH-SAW sensor on 36YX-LiTaO3 are introduced. Also, the sensor sensitivities of the SH-SAW sensors which are fabricated on piezoelectric substrates are theoretically compared.
Chemical sensor
Interdigital transducer
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