BMI May Be a Prognostic Factor for Local Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients Treated with Long-Term Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
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Chemoradiotherapy
Neoadjuvant Therapy
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Radiosensitizer
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Chemoradiotherapy
Neoadjuvant Therapy
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We study inference on the long-term causal effect of a continual exposure to a novel intervention, which we term a long-term treatment, based on an experiment involving only short-term observations. Key examples include the long-term health effects of regularly-taken medicine or of environmental hazards and the long-term effects on users of changes to an online platform. This stands in contrast to short-term treatments or ``shocks," whose long-term effect can reasonably be mediated by short-term observations, enabling the use of surrogate methods. Long-term treatments by definition have direct effects on long-term outcomes via continual exposure, so surrogacy conditions cannot reasonably hold. We connect the problem with offline reinforcement learning, leveraging doubly-robust estimators to estimate long-term causal effects for long-term treatments and construct confidence intervals.
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Les recentes modifications de la politique d'immigration en Australie ont accru la selection des immigrants (criteres d'utilite economique et sociale). Pres de 20 % de la population australienne ne parle pas aujourd'hui l'anglais comme premiere langue. Dans la milieu scolaire, cette proportion passe de 30 a 90 %. L'A. evalue les consequences a court terme et a long terme des modifications de la politique de l'immigration sur le systeme scolaire
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Objective To detect the expression and role of PTTG mRNA in human colorectal cancer.Methods The expression of PTTG mRNA was evaluated in 12 normal colorectal tissues,20 colorectal adenoma tissues and 44 colorectal cancer tissues by RT-PCR.Results The expression of PTTG mRNA in colorectal cancer was significantly higher than that in colorectal adenoma and normal colorectal tissues.The PTTG mRNA expression in the Dukes C,D colorectal cancer was higher than that in the Dukes A,B cancer(P0.05).The expression in the colorectal cancer with lymph node metastasis was higher than that in the cancer without lymph node metastasis(P0.05).Conclusion The expression of PTTG mRNA increases in colorectal cancer,and is related with cell differentiation and metastasis.The abnormal expression of PTTG probably participates in genesis and development of colorectal cancers.
Colorectal adenoma
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Long-term outcomes for women with a diagnosis of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-driven early-stage breast cancer have significantly improved since the advent of HER2-targeted therapy. Although the first studies in the early-stage setting focused on the adjuvant use of trastuzumab plus chemotherapy, clinical trials increasingly are using a neoadjuvant design to evaluate novel HER2-targeted therapies. Neoadjuvant therapy downstages locally advanced breast cancer, improves rates of breast conservation, and provides information regarding the responsiveness of a cancer to systemic therapy; in addition, studies have shown that the pathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy is correlated with event-free and overall survival. Given these advantages, multiple studies of neoadjuvant therapy, several of which have reported longer-term outcomes, have been conducted to evaluate HER2-targeted therapies. This review summarizes available data from prior and ongoing neoadjuvant trials in HER2-positive breast cancer, focusing on those studies that have reported not only pathologic response rates but also event-free, disease-free, and/or overall survival. The long-term outcomes associated with the achievement of a pathologic complete response are explored, and the comparisons of pathologic complete response rates, event-free survival, and overall survival reported for different HER2-targeted regimens are reviewed.
Neoadjuvant Therapy
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Systemic therapy
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Neoadjuvant Therapy
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