Discovery of the tigecycline resistance gene cluster tmexCD3-toprJ1 in Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from pigs in China
Congcong ShiZhanwei ZhuYuyao ShangWenbo SongJie YangHaixin BiZihao WangRui XieMengfei ZhaoLin HuaHuanchun ChenBin WuZhong Peng
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Florfenicol
Therapeutic Efficacy of Florfenicol against Experimental Pasteurella multocida Infection in Chickens
Minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of florfenicol and chloramphenicol were determined for(Pasteurella) multocida by the method of broth two-fold dilution in vitro.Therapeutic trials on chickens infected with experimentally Pasteurella multocida were carried out with florfenicol at the dosage of 20,40,80mg/kg and chloramphenicolat 40 mg/kg by oral or intramuscular administration twice daily for 3 successive days.The inhibition tests in vitro showed that MIC of florfenicol and chloramphenicol was 0.5 and 1.0 μg/mL for Pasteurella multo-(cida,) respectively.After the oral treatment with florfenicol(20,40,80 mg/kg) and chloramphenicol(40 mg/kg) for 3 days,the curative rates of the drugs against Pasteurella multocida infection in chickens were 93.3%,100%,100% and 70%,respectively.After the intramuscular treatment with florfenicol(20,40,80 mg/kg) and chloramphenicol(40 mg/kg) for 3 days,the curative rates of the drugs against Pasteurella multocida infection in chickens were 86.7%,100%,100% and 83.3%,respectively.The mortality of the infected and untreated group was(90.0%.)
Florfenicol
Pasteurella
Intramuscular injection
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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the normal flora in the oral cavity, but these bacteria can change to be pathogen if there are predisposing factors such as changes in quantities of bacteria and decreasing of the immune response of the body. One of the ways to prevent is to inhibit the activity of these bacteria using antibiotics. Ampicillin and tetracycline are the broad-spectrum antibiotics that can inhibit the growth of positive and negative gram bacteria. This research was a laboratory experimental with Kirby-Bauer method and using CLSI standard. Total sample are 16 discs of ampicillin and 16 discs of tetracycline then placed on MHA media contain Staphylococcus aureus to see the inhibition power. The result showed that the averages of inhibition zone of ampicillin is 36,64 mm while tetracycline is 25,58 mm. Independent sample t- test showed that p<0,01 which means there is a significantly difference between ampicillin and tetracycline. Ampicillin and tetracycline can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with sensitive categories. Ampicillin is more sensitive and effective than tetracycline to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus
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Potential synergism between florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TAP) was investigated for in vitro efficacy against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and/or Pasteurella multocida as well as in vivo efficacy in swine. Among isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae (n=58) and P. multocida (n=79) in Taiwan that were tested, high percentages showed resistance to FF (52% and 53%, respectively) and TAP (57% and 53%, respectively). Checkerboard microdilution assay indicated that synergism (fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ≤ 0.5) was detected in 17% of A. pleuropneumoniae (all serovar 1) and 24% of P. multocida isolates. After reconfirming the strains showing FICI ≤ 0.625 with time kill assay, the synergism increased to around 32% against both bacteria and the number could further increase to 40% against resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and 65% against susceptible P. multocida isolates. In vivo study in pigs against P. multocida showed that the FF+TAP dosage at ratios correspondent to their MIC deduction was equally effective to the recommended dosages. Further on the combination, the resistant mutation frequency is very low when A. pleuropneumoniae is grown with FF+TAP and similar to the exposure to sub-inhibitory concentration of FF or TAP alone. The degree of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reduction in FF could reach 75% (1/4 MIC) or more (up to 1/8 MIC for P. multocida, 1/16 for A. pleuropneumoniae) when combined with ¼ MIC of TAP (or 1/8 for A. pleuropneumoniae). The synergism or FICI ≤ 0.625 of FF with oxytetracycline (47%), doxycycline (69%), and erythromycin (56%) was also evident, and worth further investigation for FF as a central modulator facilitating synergistic effects with these antimicrobials. Taken together, synergistic FF+TAP combination was effective against swine pulmonary isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study may offer a potential alternative for the treatment of A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida infections and has the potential to greatly reduce drug residues and withdrawal time.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Florfenicol
Thiamphenicol
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A strain of gram-negative coccobacillus,with darkened ends,was isolated from a rabbit.Based on pathological changes,morphological,cultural,physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as the sequencing results of 16S rRNA,it was identified as rabbit Pasteurella multocida.The laboratory tests proved that this isolated strain had strong pathogenicity.Drug sensitivity characteristics showed that it had strong resistance to commonly used clinical antibiotics.Out of 22 antibiotics tested on the strain,it showed high sensitivity to florfenicol,cephalexin,sulfamonomethoxine,cefotaxime,lomefloxacin and ceftriaxone,while was immune to others.As such,the drug sensitivity tests should be undertaken to select the drug for controlling the rabbit Pasteurella multocida.
Florfenicol
Pasteurella
Strain (injury)
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Animals and husbandryTen calves aged one-and-a-half month and weighing from 65 to 75 kg were used in the experimental work.The calves were housed individually in adjacent boxes that had a floor area of 4 m 2 and a volume of 6 m 3. The animals were bedded on straw.During acclimatization for one week and the subsequent treatment periods, calves were fed on milk replacer (free of antimicrobial substances, twice daily at 09.00 and 18.00) and alfalfa with drinking water available ad libitum.The animals were shaved over jugular vein to facilitate the collection of blood samples.
Florfenicol
Pasteurella
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Objective To investigate the ampicillin and tetracycline-resistant strains and resistant genes of lactic acid bacteria isolated from yogurt.Methods Lactic acid bacteria in yogurt were isolated and identified.Resistance to ampicillin or tetracycline of the strains were investigated with slip susceptibility test.Two pairs of primers were designed and ampicillin and tetracycline resistance gene were amplified.Results Seven lactic acid isolates were identified from 4 kinds of yogurt.A number of isolates were resistant to ampicillin or tetracycline.Five of the 7 lactic acid isolate contained ampicillin-resistant gene,and no isolate contained the tetracycline-resistant gene.Conclusion A number of lactic acid bacteria were resistant to antibiotics and could act as intermediate host of antibiotic resistant genes.
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The post-antibiotic effect(PAE),the post-antibiotic sub-MIC effect(PA-SME) and sub-MIC effect(SME) of florfenicol(Ff) against Pasteurella multocida in vitro were determined in this study.Mueller-Hinton agar colony counting method was used to monitorthe growth of bacteria. The results showed that PAEs of Ff against P.multocidaat 2～8×MIC were 1.31～5.01 h,PA-SMEs(1.66)~24.2 h and SMEs 0.05~1.31 h.It was demonstrated that Ff against P.multocidawas affected by the concentration of antimicrobial agents,the exposure time and the concentration of organism.This study suggested that the administrationscheme of Ff againstP.multocid should be considered to combineits pharmacokinetic parameters,MIC and PAE.
Florfenicol
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<p>The conventional biological treatment process can provide a favorable environment for the maintenance and dissemination of antibiotic- resistant bacteria and the antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) they carry. This study investigated the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to determine the role they play in the dissemination of ARGs. Bacterial isolates resistant to tetracycline were collected, and tested against eight antibiotics to determine their resistance profiles and the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance. It was found that bacteria resistant to tetracycline were more likely to display resistance to multiple antibiotics compared to those isolates that were not tetracycline resistant. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the tetracycline resistance determinants present within the bacterial communities of the WWTPs and receiving waters, and it was found that ARGs may not be released from the treatment process. Identification of isolates showed that there was a large diversity of species in both the tetracycline- resistant and tetracycline- sensitive populations and that the two groups were significantly different in composition. Antibiotic resistance profiles of each population showed that a large diversity of resistance patterns existed within genera suggesting that transmission of ARG may progress by both horizontal gene and vertical proliferation.</p> <p><br></p>
Tetracycline antibiotics
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Seventy-five strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from humans with diarrhoea (45 strains) and healthy chickens (30 strains) were tested for their susceptibility to different antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, furazolidine and quinolones (nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin). The frequencies of resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline were 16 and 9.3% respectively. Two strains (2.7%) exhibited resistance to quinolones as mentioned. One strain (1.3%) was resistant to erythromycin, and both ampicillin plus tetracycline. One strain (1.3%) exhibited resistance to multi-drugs (ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin). Resistance to ampicillin was higher in human strain (22.2%) compared to chickens (6.7%). On the contrary, the frequency of resistance to tetracycline was higher in chicken strains (13.3%) than in human (6.7%). All the ampicillin-resistant strains produced beta-lactamase. None of the ampicillin, erythromycin and quinolone-resistant strains contained any plasmid but all the tetracycline-resistant strains contained 23 kilobase (kb) plasmid which could be transferred to an ampicillin-resistant C. jejuni strain. This study thus shows that ampicillin and tetracycline resistance in C. jejuni are common in northern India. Ampicillin resistance is chromosomally determined but tetracycline resistance is mediated through 23 kb plasmid.
Amp resistance
Kanamycin
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