Recent developments of agents targeting Vibrio cholerae : patents and literature data
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Introduction Vibrio cholerae bacteria cause an infection characterized by acute diarrheal illness in the intestine. Cholera is sustained by people swallowing contaminated food or water. Even though symptoms can be mild, if untreated disease becomes severe and life-threatening, especially in low-income countries.Keywords:
Cholera
Contaminated water
Abstract Vibrio cholerae is the agent of cholera, a potentially lethal diarrheal disease that remains a significant threat to populations in developing nations. The infant rabbit model of cholera is the only non‐surgical small animal model system that closely mimics human cholera. Following orogastric inoculation, V. cholerae colonizes the intestines of infant rabbits, and the animals develop severe cholera‐like diarrhea. In this unit, we provide a detailed description of the preparation of the V. cholerae inoculum, the inoculation process and the collection and processing of tissue samples. This infection model is useful for studies of V. cholerae factors and mechanisms that promote its intestinal colonization and enterotoxicity, as well as the host response to infection. The infant rabbit model of cholera enables investigations that will further our understanding of the pathophysiology of cholera and provides a platform for testing new therapeutics. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cholera
Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases
Animal model
Cholera toxin
Cholera vaccine
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Cholera
El Tor
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The millions of deaths from cholera during the past 200 y, coupled with the morbidity and mortality of cholera in Haiti since October 2010, are grim reminders that Vibrio cholerae , the etiologic agent of cholera, remains a scourge. We report the isolation of both V . cholerae O1 and non-O1/O139 early in the Haiti cholera epidemic from samples collected from victims in 18 towns across eight Arrondissements of Haiti. The results showed two distinct populations of V. cholerae coexisted in Haiti early in the epidemic. As non-O1/O139 V . cholerae was the sole pathogen isolated from 21% of the clinical specimens, its role in this epidemic, either alone or in concert with V . cholerae O1, cannot be dismissed. A genomic approach was used to examine similarities and differences among the Haitian V . cholerae O1 and V . cholerae non-O1/O139 strains. A total of 47 V . cholerae O1 and 29 V . cholerae non-O1/O139 isolates from patients and the environment were sequenced. Comparative genome analyses of the 76 genomes and eight reference strains of V . cholerae isolated in concurrent epidemics outside Haiti and 27 V . cholerae genomes available in the public database demonstrated substantial diversity of V. cholerae and ongoing flux within its genome.
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El Tor
Cholera toxin
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Cholera, caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, can be lifethreatening but it is easily prevented and treated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae.V. cholerae was first isolated by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854. Later Robert Koch publicized the knowledge of cholera.
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The facultative human pathogen Vibrio cholerae can be isolated from estuarine and aquatic environments. V. cholerae is well recognized and extensively studied as the causative agent of the human intestinal disease cholera. In former centuries cholera was a permanent threat even to the highly developed populations of Europe, North America, and the northern part of Asia. Today, cholera still remains a burden mainly for underdeveloped countries, which cannot afford to establish or to maintain necessary hygienic and medical facilities. Especially in these environments, cholera is responsible for significant mortality and economic damage. During the last three decades, intensive research has been undertaken to unravel the virulence properties and to study the epidemiology of this significant human pathogen. More recently, researchers have been elucidating the environmental lifestyle of V. cholerae. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of both the host- and environment-specific physiological attributes of V. cholerae.
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Human pathogen
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Since 2007, Kenya has experienced an increase in cholera outbreaks characterized by a high fatality rate. In this study, we characterized 81 Vibrio cholerae isolates from diarrhoeal stool samples in Nyanza, a cholera-endemic lake region of Kenya, for virulence properties, clonality and antibiotic susceptibility. Eighty of these isolates were V. cholerae O1 El Tor variants carrying the classical ctxB gene sequence, while one isolate was V. cholerae non-O1/O139. All of the El Tor variants were of clonal origin, as revealed by PFGE, and were susceptible to ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin, kanamycin and norfloxacin. However, the isolates showed resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and streptomycin, and intermediate resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol and imipenem. The non-O1/O139 isolate carried the cholix toxin II gene (chxA II) and was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except ampicillin. We propose that an El Tor variant clone caused the Nyanza cholera outbreak of 2007-2008.
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El Tor
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Cholera
Pandemic
El Tor
Viral phylodynamics
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In October 1992, a new strain of cholera, subsequently designated Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal, was detected in Madras, India. This strain spread rapidly through the Indian subcontinent and has now been reported in many parts of Asia, with additional cases identified in travelers to North American and the Middle East. Phylogenetically, V. cholerae O139 Bengal is very closely related to "standard" V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains; it produces cholera toxin and causes an illness identical that seen with V. cholerae O1. However, prior immunity to V. cholerae O1 El Tor does not appear to protect against illness caused by V. cholerae O139 Bengal. O139 Bengal strains have a short, "semi-rough" O side chain and are encapsulated, changes that are likely to have accounted for their ability to cause disease in persons with prior exposure to cholera. These changes in surface structures appear to have resulted from a limited number of genetic modifications. The appearance of V. cholerae O139 Bengal may well herald the beginning of the eighth pandemic of cholera--and underscores the tremendous potential within nature for creation of new strains of "old" pathogens.
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BENGAL
El Tor
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A new clone of non-01 V. cholerae designated as serogroup 0139, which produces cholera toxin, was detected first in south India in September 1992 and has spread to many parts of India since then. It was identified in Bangladesh in December 1992 and in Thailand in April 1993. By May 1993 it was found in Haryana and Punjab. Its clinical manifestations are typical of cholera, occurring in outbreaks. This clone has largely replaced the previously prevalent 01 V. cholerae in several cholera endemic areas indicating that a new cholera pandemic has begun.
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Pandemic
Cholera toxin
El Tor
clone (Java method)
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