Hematological, biochemical, and acid-base response of trotters to submaximal exercise at the end of the horse racing season
Milica StojkovićJovan BlagojevićD. GvozdićLazar MarkovićDušan BošnjakovićLjubomir JovanovićDanijela Kirovski
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Abstract:
Depending on intensity, physical exercise in horses causes various changes in the parameters of hematological, biochemical, acid-base, and electrolyte status, which can affect the health and athletic performance of the horse. This study?s objective was to look at how submaximal exercise at the end of the racing season affected the horses? hematological, biochemical, acid-base, and electrolyte status markers. In this study, eight (n=8) trotters, aged 4?2 years, were involved. Venous blood samples were drawn from each horse by jugular puncture before and after exercise to determine hematologic, biochemical, acid-base and electrolyte parameters. The submaximal physical exercise in this study was two intervals of 2,000 m of slow trotting and two consecutive runs of 500 m at submaximal level. Hematocrit (HCT), red blood cell (RBC) and monocyte count, hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and glucose concentration increased significantly after the exercise. Additionally, significant decreases in venous blood pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-) and total CO2 (TCO2) concentration, base excess of the extracellular fluid (BEecf), and ionized Ca2+ (iCa2+) concentrations were established after exercise. In contrast, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), total concentration of weak acids (Atot), the anion gap (AG), and total protein and lactate concentrations were significantly higher after exercise. Considering the significant changes in the parameters of hematological, biochemical, and acid-base status after submaximal exercise, determining those parameters would be useful for monitoring the health and performance of trotters.Keywords:
Acid–base homeostasis
Hemoconcentration
Bicarbonate
pCO2
Venous blood
Anion gap
Base excess
Anion gap
pCO2
Bicarbonate
Base excess
Acid–base homeostasis
Venous blood
Sodium bicarbonate
Acid–base reaction
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There is a lack of information pertaining to the effects of transport stress on the acid-base physiology of ruminants. The effect of transportation and/or feed and water deprivation on acid-base balance was studied using 19 2-yr-old Bos indicus steers. The steers were allocated to one of three groups: 1) control, offered ad libitum access to feed and water (n = 8); 2) water and feed deprived, offered no feed or water for 60 h (n = 6); and 3) transported, offered no feed or water for 12 h, and then transported for 48 h (n = 5). Blood gases, electrolytes, lactate, total protein, albumin, anion gap, strong ion difference, and total weak acids were determined at the conclusion of transportation. Arterial blood pH did not differ among the experimental groups. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) was lower for the water and feed deprived (P = 0.023) group than for the control group. Plasma total protein, albumin and total weak acid concentrations were higher for the transported (P = 0.001, P = 0.03, P = 0.01) and water- and feed-deprived (P = 0.000, P = 0.003, P = 0.001) groups, respectively, compared with the control group. Transported animals had a lower plasma concentration of potassium (P = 0.026) compared with the control animals. This study demonstrates that although blood pH remains within normal values in transported and fasted steers, the primary challenge to a transported or feed- and water-deprived animal is a mild metabolic acidosis induced by elevated plasma proteins, which may be the result of a loss of body water. The loss of electrolytes had little effect on the acid-base balance of the animals.
pCO2
Acid–base homeostasis
Anion gap
Acid–base reaction
Base excess
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To compare the acid-base balance effects of two different citrate doses for regional citrate anticoagulant (RCA) for continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH).We used a commercial citrate fluid (citrate concentration: 11 mmol/L) from July 2003 to July 2004 (period A) in 22 patients; then changed to a new citrate fluid (citrate concentration: 14 mmol/L) from July 2004 to Feb 2005 (Period B) in 21 patients. Replacement fluid rate was fixed at 2,000 ml/h. We measured all relevant variables for acid-base analysis according to the Stewart-Figge methodology.After commencement of RCA-CVVH, there was a change in bicarbonate and base excess (BE) toward acidosis for both fluids. This change was significantly different between period A and B at 6 and 12 hours (pH: p<0.01, BE: p<0.05) with greater decreases with the 11 mmol/L citrate fluid. These changes were mostly secondary to an increase in the strong ion difference (SID) and occurred despite an increased strong ion gap (SIG) (+0.5 mEq/L vs. +1.5 mEq/L; p<0.01) in the higher citrate concentration fluid. Cessation of RCA-CVVH was associated with short-lived differences in bicarbonate and SIG which were similar to those seen on initiation of RCA-CVVH but in the opposite direction.A small increase This was partly offset by an increase in SIG, consistent with increased citratemia. Cessation of treatment showed a differential improvement in SIG also consistent with disposal of therapy-associated citrate. These observations might assist clinicians in interpreting acidbase changes during RCA-CVVH.in citrate infusion rate caused an alkalinizing increase in SID.
Bicarbonate
Anion gap
Acid–base homeostasis
Base excess
Hemofiltration
Acid–base reaction
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ABSTRACT: Acid-base and electrolyte disorders have been described in horses associated during and after exercise. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cavalcade competition on the acid-base and hydroelectrolytic balance in Mangalarga Marchador horses. For this purpose, 15 geldings, 6.2 ± 1.2 years old and clinically healthy, were distributed into three groups of five animals each. Horses were trained to take part in cavalcade competitions. Animals were submitted to cavalcade along 4km (G4), 8km (G8), and 20km (G20) at mean speeds of 15km h-1, 12km h-1, and 12km h-1, respectively. From each horse, venous blood samples were collected before exercise (T0) and immediately after (T1) cavalcade. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), base excess (BE), hematocrit (Hct), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and lactate were determined. The variables pH, pO2 and pCO2 were corrected in function of rectal temperature of each animal. Blood samples were analyzed for acid-base balance, as well as biochemical and electrolyte parameters using an i-STAT analyzer. Significant (P<0.05) increase in Hct, Na+, pH, HCO3 - and BE were observed after cavalcade in G20 group. Decrease (P<0.05) in K+ and Cl- were also observed in G20 animals after cavalcade (T1). Changes in the acid-base balance and hydroelectrolytic profile of the Mangalarga Marchador after cavalcade of 20km resulted in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. The 20km cavalcade induced significant hydroelectrolytic and acid-base imbalances in Mangalarga Marchador horses.
Acid–base homeostasis
pCO2
Bicarbonate
Alkalosis
Base excess
Sodium bicarbonate
Venous blood
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Background Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) appears to have a significant and variable impact on acid-base balance. However, the pathogenesis of these acid-base effects remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to understand the nature of acid-base changes in critically ill patients with acute renal failure during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration by applying quantitative methods of biophysical analysis (Stewart-Figge methodology). Methods We studied forty patients with ARF receiving CVVH in the intensive care unit. We retrieved the biochemical data from computerized records and conducted quantitative biophysical analysis. We measured serum Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Cl-, HCO 3 -, phosphate, ionized Ca 2+ , albumin, lactate and arterial blood gases and calculated the following Stewart-Figge variables: Strong Ion Difference apparent (SIDa), Strong Ion Difference Effective (SIDe) and Strong Ion Gap (SIG). Results Before treatment, patients had mild acidemia (pH: 7.31) secondary to metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate: 19.8 mmol/L and base excess: −5.9 mEq/L). This acidosis was due to increased unmeasured anions (SIG: 12.3 mEq/L), hyperphosphatemia (1.86 mmol/L) and hyperlactatemia (2.08 mmol/L). It was attenuated by the alkalinizing effect of hypoalbuminemia (22.5 g/L). After commencing CVVH, the acidemia was corrected within 24 hours (pH 7.31 vs 7.41, p <0.0001). This correction was associated with a decreased strong ion gap (SIG) (12.3 vs. 8.8 mEq/L, p <0.0001), phosphate concentration (1.86 vs. 1.49 mmol/L, p <0.0001) and serum chloride concentration (102 vs. 98.5 mmol/L, p <0.0001). After 3 days of CVVH, however, patients developed alkalemia (pH: 7.46) secondary to metabolic alkalosis (bicarbonate: 29.8 mmol/L, base excess: 6.7 mEq/L). This alkalemia appeared secondary to a further decrease in SIG to 6.7 mEq/L (p <0.0001) and a further decrease in serum phosphate to 0.77 mmol/L (p <0.0001) in the setting of persistent hypoalbuminemia (21.0 g/L; p=0.56). Conclusions CVVH corrects metabolic acidosis in acute renal failure patients through its effect on unmeasured anions, phosphate and chloride. Such correction coupled with the effect of hypoalbuminemia, results in the development of a metabolic alkalosis after 72 hours of treatment.
Hyperlactatemia
Anion gap
Acid–base homeostasis
Hemofiltration
Base excess
Hypoalbuminemia
Bicarbonate
Renal replacement therapy
Lactic acidosis
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The present study was designed to investigate the effects of storage temperature and time on blood gas and acid-base balance of ovine venous blood. Ten clinically healthy sheep were used in this study. A total number of 30 blood samples, were divided into three different groups, and were stored in a refrigerator adjusted to +4 ºC (Group I, n = 10), at RT of about 22-25 ºC (Group II, n = 10) and in an incubator adjusted to 37 ºC (Group III, n = 10) for up to 48 h. Blood samples were analysed for blood gas and acid-base indices at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of storage. In comparison to the baseline value (0), there were significant decreases of blood pH of samples stored at RT and in the incubator after 1 h (p<0.05), the pH value of refrigerated blood samples exhibited insignificant changes during the study (p<0.05). Mean values of pCO2 showed a significant increase in Group I and Group III after 1 h then a progressive decrease after 12 h in all Groups. Mean pO2 values were significantly higher for Group I after 2 h and for Groups II and III after 1 h (p<0.05). In general, base excess decreased significantly for all the groups during the study especially in Groups II and III. In comparison with baseline values, in all groups, bicarbonate (HCO3) increased between 1 h and 6 h (p<0.05), and later decreased at the end of the study (p<0.05). In conclusion, status of acid-base indices of the samples stored at refrigerator and RT were found within normal reference range and it may be of clinical diagnostic use for up to 6 h.
pCO2
Venous blood
Acid–base homeostasis
Base excess
Bicarbonate
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An analysis of basic parameters representative of the acid-base balance was made in arterial blood samples from 140 clinically healthy dogs, under a general intravenous Thiopental anaesthesia. The following mean values +/- S.E.M. were obtained: pH = 7.33 +/- 0.01; pCO2 = 47.16 +/- 0.95; base excess = -2.12 +/- 0.27; buffer base = 46.63 +/- 0.37. The results showed a prevalent trend of lower values of pH, base excess and buffer base and higher values of pCO2 than those found commonly in human clinical practice. Special attention was paid to the respiratory component of the acid-base balance (ABB) revealing certain undesirable side effect of Thiopental anaesthesia.
pCO2
Acid–base homeostasis
Base excess
Base (topology)
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The comparative study of the acid-base balance (ABB) parameters has been performed on 20 clinically healthy mature Małopolski horses. An arterial blood sample from the facial artery and a sample of venous blood from the external cervical vein were colected from each animal. In the samples tested, the blood pH, pCO2, tCO2, HCO3-, concentration of Na+, K+, Cl-, and a value of the anion gap were determined. The difference among pCO2, tCO2, and HCO3- in both samples tested was statistically significant, whereas the pH of the arterial blood and the pH of the venous blood did not differ significantly. The anion gap in both types of blood did not differ significantly.1) ABB parameters such as pCO2, HCO3-, and tCO2 determined in the arterial and venous blood of the Małopolski horses differ from each other significantly. 2) In spite of the lack of the differences between pH of the arterial and venous blood, the ABB parameters in horses should be determined in the arterial blood, because the comparative study performed proves that the analysis of the ABB parameters determined for the venous blood of a healthy horse may lead to a wrong diagnosis of the compensated respiratory acidosis. 3) The mean value of anion gap in horses aged 8-12 years amounts to 20.9 mmol/l for the arterial blood and 19.93 for the venous blood; the difference between the two values is not statistically significant.
Anion gap
Venous blood
pCO2
Arterial blood
Acid–base homeostasis
Base excess
Arterial pH
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Anion gap
Acid–base homeostasis
Base excess
Bicarbonate
Acid–base imbalance
Base (topology)
Acid–base reaction
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The importance of prompt evaluation and care of the newborn is essential for reducing neonatal mortality, which represents a major cause of loss in camelids. This study investigated the blood gases, acid-base and electrolyte profiles in healthy dromedary calves during the first 3 weeks of life, assessing possible associations with age. Twenty-one dromedary camel calves aged 1 to 21 days were sampled, and venous whole blood analyzed through a VETSTAT® analyzer. The following parameters were measured: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), partial pressure carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure oxygen (pO2), total hemoglobin concentration (tHb), hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2), total carbon dioxide (tCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), base excess (BE) and anion gap (AG). Calves were divided in two groups; younger calves (1-10 d), and older calves (11-21 d). Statistical analysis showed an effect of age, with lower K+ (p < 0.001) and higher Na+ and Cl- (p < 0.05) mean concentrations in the younger calves compared to the older ones, and higher pCO2 and lower sO2 mean concentrations in the older group. These preliminary results firstly described the blood gas, acid-base and electrolyte profiles in the healthy dromedary calf during the first 3 weeks of age, suggesting an effect of age on some parameters.
pCO2
Base excess
Anion gap
Bicarbonate
Venous blood
Acid–base reaction
Sodium bicarbonate
Blood gas analysis
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