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The Western Aquifer is the largest aquifer of the island of Mauritius, and it is heavily exploited to cater for domestic and industrial water demand. This is mainly because it is situated in an urbanised region where water demand is high. This aquifer covers a major part of the districts of Plaines-Wilhems, Moka and Black-River. According to recent hydrogeological studies, the Western Aquifer is made up of two sub-aquifers, the aquifer of Curepipe and the aquifer of Phoenix. The aquifer of Curepipe has been the subject of several hydrogeological studies in the past. These studies have significantly helped in the understanding of the nature of this subsurface basin, and have to a large extent helped towards a safe exploitation of the aquifer. Several exploration techniques, ranging from geophysical surveys, drilling of coreholes and monitoring of groundwater levels have been carried out. The present study aims at improving the understanding of the hydrogeology of the Western Aquifer through the use of a numerical groundwater flow model. The findings of the study show that the intra- calderic borders act as groundwater divides within the system, controlling the flow characteristics within the aquifer and significant flow paths actually connect the two sub aquifers. Keywords : Hydrogeology, Western Aquifer, Groundwater flow model, Conceptual model
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INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUIFER HYDRAULICS. Fundamentals of Aquifer Hydraulics. HYDRAULICS OF AQUIFER UNDER STEADY PUMPING CONDITIONS FROM WELLS AND HYDROGEOLOGIC DATA ANALYSIS METHODS. Fully Penetrating Pumping Wells in Homogeneous and Isotropic Confined and Unconfined Aquifers. HYDRAULICS OF AQUIFERS UNDER TRANSIENT PUMPING CONDITIONS FROM WELLS AND HYDROGEOLOGIC DATA ANALYSIS METHODS. Fully Penetrating Pumping Wells in Homogeneous and Isotropic Nonleaky Confined Aquifers. Fully Penetrating Pumping Wells in Homogeneous and Anisotropic Confined Nonleaky Aquifers. Fully Penetrating Pumping in Homogeneous and Isotropic Confined Leaky Aquifers without the Storage of the Confining Layer. Fully Penetrating Pumping Wells in Homogeneous and Isotropic Confined Leaky Aquifers with the Storage of the Confining Layers. Partially Penetrating Pumping and Observation Wells in Homogeneous and Anistropic Confined Aquifers. Fully and Partially Penetrating Pumping and Observation Wells in Homogeneous and Anisotropic Unconfined Aquifers. Fully Penetrating Pumping Wells in Homogeneous and Isotropic Bounded Nonleaky Confined Aquifers. WELL EFFICIENCY AND HYDROGEOLOGIC DATA ANALYSIS METHODS. Fully Penetrating Pumping Wells in Homogeneous and Isotropic Nonleaky Confined Aquifers. HYDRAULICS OF SLUG TEST AND HYDROGEOLOGIC DATA ANALYSIS METHODS. Fully and Partially Penetrating Wells in Aquifers. HYDRAULICS OF PRESSURE PULSE AND CONSTANT HEAD INJECTION TESTS FOR TIGHT FORMATIONS AND HYDROGEOLOGIC DATA ANALYSIS METHODS. Fully Penetrating Wells in Confined Aquifers. References. About the Author. About the Disk. Indexes.
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First posted March 26, 2020 For additional information, contact: Director, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science CenterU.S. Geological Survey1505 Ferguson LaneAustin, TX 78754–4501 The Boone and Roubidoux aquifers (or their equivalents) are the main sources of fresh groundwater in northeastern Oklahoma. Projected total water demand of both surface water and groundwater in northeastern Oklahoma is expected to increase approximately 56 percent from 2010 to 2060. This report provides an overview of the hydrogeology of northeastern Oklahoma, with an emphasis on the hydrogeologic units composing and surrounding the Boone and Roubidoux aquifers (the Western Interior Plains confining unit, the Boone aquifer, the Ozark confining unit, and the Roubidoux aquifer). This report also provides the hydrogeologic framework for an ongoing (as of 2020) hydrologic investigation to aid the Oklahoma Water Resources Board in determining the maximum annual yields of the Boone and Roubidoux aquifers. As a first step of this ongoing hydrologic investigation, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, developed hydrogeologic-unit maps, contour maps for the bases of the four hydrogeologic units, and generalized cross sections to further characterize the hydrogeologic framework of the Boone and Roubidoux aquifers. The contour maps illustrate the altitudes of the bases of each hydrogeologic unit. The altitude of the base of the Western Interior Plains confining unit ranged from 1,316 to −6,437 feet (ft) relative to North American Vertical Datum of 1988. The altitude of the base of the Boone aquifer ranged from 1,327 to −6,681 ft. The altitude of the base of the Ozark confining unit ranged from 1,275 to −6,720 ft. The altitude of the base of the Roubidoux aquifer ranged from 403 to −9,488 ft.
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A study of the hydrogeology of the Central Oklahoma aquifer was started in 2008 to provide the Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) hydrogeologic data and a groundwater flow model that can be used as a tool to help manage the aquifer. The 1973 Oklahoma water law requires the OWRB to do hydrologic investigations of Oklahoma's aquifers (termed 'groundwater basins') and to determine amounts of water that may be withdrawn by permitted water users. 'Maximum annual yield' is a term used by OWRB to describe the total amount of water that can be withdrawn from a specific aquifer in any year while allowing a minimum 20-year life of the basin (Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 2010). Currently (2010), the maximum annual yield has not been determined for the Central Oklahoma aquifer. Until the maximum annual yield determination is made, water users are issued a temporary permit by the OWRB for 2 acre-feet/acre per year. The objective of the study, in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, was to study the hydrogeology of the Central Oklahoma aquifer to provide information that will enable the OWRB to determine the maximum annual yield of the aquifer based on different proposed management plans. Groundwater flow models are typically used by the OWRB as a tool to help determine the maximum annual yield. This report presents the potentiometric surface of the Central Oklahoma aquifer based on water-level data collected in 2009 as part of the current (2010) hydrologic study. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-724 by Christenson and others (1992) presents the 1986-87 potentiometric-surface map. This 1986-87 potentiometric-surface map was made as part of the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment pilot project for the Central Oklahoma aquifer that examined the geochemical and hydrogeological processes operating in the aquifer. An attempt was made to obtain water-level measurements for the 2009 potentiometric-surface map from the wells used for the 1986-87 potentiometric-surface map. Well symbols with circles on the 2009 potentiometric-surface map (fig. 1) indicate wells that were used for the 1986-87 potentiometric-surface map.
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The study examines the hydrogeological conditions and the hydraulic characteristics of the water bearing horizons within the hydrogeologic regime of the study area located west of Iraq to the west of longitude 40°40'. Also the study shed light on the flow behavior regime and its impacts on the groundwater movement, ground water flow velocities (permeability and hydraulic gradients) considering the regional structural phenomena. The Hydrogeological data presented as spatial distribution maps and three dimensional models. The results which were achieved from the field measurements are correlated with the main hydrogeologic control points such as storage and transmissivity coefficients, groundwater depths, aquifers thickness, lateral extensions and groundwater recharge to classify the hydrogeologic districts for development and exploitation. The hydrogeologic regime of the study area is classified and screened into various aquifers, including Ga'ra, Mullusi, Mullusi-Ubaid, Hartha, Tayarat-Digma (Jeed), Muhaywir-Ubaid and Rattga aquifers. The statistical results of the hydraulic and hydrochemical parameters were examined for explaining the spatial distribution of each parameter within the uppermost aquifers and determining the preference hydrogeologic districts for future groundwater exploitation as hereinafter order, Ubaid Mullusi aquifer within district-6, Rattga and Digma-Tayarat aquifer within district-7, Mullusi aquifer within district-2, Hartha aquifer within district-3, Digma-Tayarat aquifer within district-4, Ga'ra aquifer within district-1, Muhaywir-Ubaid aquifer within district-5 and Digma-Tayarat within district-8, respectively.
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To accomplish this regional synthesis, a number of maps and cross sections were constructed to illustrate regional features and delineate aquifer and permeable zone boundaries and characteristics. An approximately correlative or approximate time-stratigraphic framework was developed and is shown by four regional stratigraphic sections and two structure maps. Eight regional hydrogeologic sections are presented showing the distribution of hydrogeologic units across the study area. The boundaries of aquifers or subaquifers within the Floridan aquifer system are delineated, and maps of the upper and lower surfaces and thickness of three of these major hydrogeologic units are presented.
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A study of hydrogeological process involves movement of water beneath the ground surface. Water content in the aquifer influences the quantitative determination of aquifer hydraulic parameters. The limited opportunity to
explore and demonstrate groundwater processes is the reason why students have inappropriate understanding of groundwater concept. The visualisation of groundwater flow is quite difficult as it deals with subsurface condition which cannot be seen. In research, field experiments on groundwater are difficult to carry out because time consuming and involves uncertainty in aquifer conditions. Physical models have been used in classroom as a tool for teaching hydrogeology. Further understanding was developed by demonstration and
observation of groundwater flow using simple sand tank. Previous research implemented sand tank under controlled conditions to investigate the mechanism and flow process of groundwater. A large artificial physical aquifer
model was developed in this study as an alternative to show the students the real aquifer condition and hydrogeology processes. The model consisted of
three different layers of soils, in which water table level was controlled using water tank at both sides of the physical model structure. Hydraulic parameters
of the artificial aquifer and performance of production well were evaluated by pumping tests. The groundwater flow in the artificial aquifer model was simulated accordingly to Darcy‟s law. Analysis of pumping test was computed by an Aquifer Test software. Well performance measurement provided by a step drawdown pumping test estimated the efficiency of well as 99%. The artificial aquifer model was verified by constant rate discharge pumping test and found to be a leaky aquifer. The pumping test analyzed the aquifer with transmissivity of 78.50m2/day and hydraulic conductivity of 7.37m/day while
recovery test analyzed the transmissivity to be 8.22m2/day and hydraulic conductivity of 7.34m/day. Both test analyzed the storage coefficient as 0.5.
This artificial aquifer physical model was designed and developed to enhance student‟s understanding of groundwater theory. Through hands-on pumping test on the aquifer model, students would be able to visualize clearer the groundwater processes.
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Declining groundwater levels resulting from groundwater withdrawals in the Santa Fe, New Mexico, area have caused concern about the future availability of water in the Tesuque aquifer system. This report describes the geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer system in the Santa Fe area and presents a three-dimensional regional groundwater flow model which assesses the effects of existing and possible future groundwater withdrawals on the regional aquifer system. The model was calibrated using simulations of the predevelopment steady-state condition and the 1947-82 historical period. The response of the aquifer to two scenarios of future groundwater withdrawals from 1983 to 2020 was simulated. (USGS)
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