Comparative analysis of tuberculin and defined antigen skin tests for detection of bovine tuberculosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Haryana state, India
Mahesh KumarTarun KumarBabu Lal JangirMahavir SinghDevan AroraYogesh C. BangarAndrew J. K. ConlanMartin VordermeierDouwe BakkerS. M. ByregowdaSreenidhi SrinivasanVivek KapurNaresh Jindal
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Abstract:
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease that results from infection with any member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Infected animals are typically diagnosed with tuberculin-based intradermal skin tests according to World Organization of Animal Health which are presently in use. However, tuberculin is not suitable for use in BCG-vaccinated animals due to a high rate of false-positive reactions. Peptide-based defined skin test (DST) antigens have been identified using antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c) which are absent from BCG, but their performance in buffaloes remains unknown. To assess the comparative performance of DST with the tuberculin-based single intradermal test (SIT) and the single intradermal comparative cervical test (SICCT), we screened 543 female buffaloes from 49 organized dairy farms in two districts of Haryana state in India.Keywords:
Bubalus
Bovine tuberculosis
Tuberculin test
Surveillance of bovine tuberculosis has been proved to be a capable strategy to control this disease. Valid surveillance strategies should be adopted through the careful consideration of the specific disease status and animal body condition, the potential risk posed by environmental and husbandry practices as the transmission factor of Mycobacterium bovis, and an appropriate control program in a particular area.
Bovine tuberculosis
Animal Husbandry
Disease Control
Disease Transmission
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Bovine tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
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Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle and wildlife. Direct aerosol contact is thought to be the primary route of infection between conspecifics, whereas indirect transmission via an environmental reservoir of M. bovis is generally perceived not to be a significant source for infection. Here, we report on the application of molecular technology (PCR) to quantify the prevalence of M. bovis in the environment and to explore its epidemiological significance. We show that the detectability of viable M. bovis at badger setts and latrines is strongly linked to the frequency of M. bovis excretion by infected badgers, and that putative M. bovis in the environment is prevalent on a large proportion of endemic cattle farms in Britain. These results raise important questions about the role of an environmental reservoir in bTB persistence.
Bovine tuberculosis
Persistence (discontinuity)
Mustelidae
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Bovine tuberculosis, a chronic infection in cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains an economic and public health problem for several countries. Due to its economic impact on international trade, contagious nature, and implications for human health, global programs to eradicate the disease were implemented worldwide. Those programs are based on slaughtering PPD-reactive animals. Despite the National Programs in Brazil, complete eradication has not been achieved, and the disease remains, albeit at a lower prevalence. The central purpose of this review is to address diagnostic tests for tuberculosis. Considering the course of the infection in cattle, at least two tests, ideally complementary to one another, may be necessary for an adequate diagnosis: the first based on the cellular response, and the second capable of identifying anergic animals by detection of specific anti-M.bovis antibodies.
Bovine tuberculosis
Contagious disease
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A field trial on a country-wide basis was undertaken to compare the specificity for bovine tuberculosis of single and comparative tuberculin tests in cattle using either Weybridge human or Weybridge bovine PPD. The tests were made on 10,305 cattle in 179 herds distributed throughout all regions of England, Scotland and Wales. Results showed that a comparative tuberculin test using avian PPD with either human or bovine PPD had a much higher efficiency than a single injection of mammalian tuberculin in the neck of cattle, and confirmed that a comparative test is still essential in the British environment. Weybridge bovine PPD gave significantly better discrimination between tuberculous and non-tuberculous cattle than Weybridge human PPD when used together with avian PPD in a comparative tuberculin test. The diameter of induration gave an absolute measure of the extent of oedema, if present, and induration diameter used in conjunction with skin thickening increased the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Rules of interpretation were developed and are presented for an intradermal comparative tuberculin test in cattle using Weybridge avian and bovine PPDs.
Bovine tuberculosis
Tuberculin test
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Bovine tuberculosis
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Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, afflicts approximately 50 million cattle worldwide and is detected by the tuberculin skin test (TST). While it has long been recognized that purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is composed of a mixture of M. bovis derived protein components, little is known about the quality, relative quantity and identity of the proteins that make up PPD tuberculin. We manufactured a sterile filtered PPD tuberculin (SF-PPD) from a nine-week-old M. bovis culture supernatant in order to characterise the culture filtrate proteins (CFP) which make up M. bovis PPD tuberculin and to compare the antibody response of M. bovis infected versus M. bovis sensitized cattle. SF-PPD resolved into approximately 200 discrete spots using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) while fewer than 65 spots could be discerned from 2-DE gels of tuberculin derived from autoclaved culture supernatant. Two dimensional Western blot analyses indicated that sera from M. bovis sensitized cattle recognized additional SF-PPD antigens as compared to M. bovis infected cattle at seven weeks post infection/sensitization. However, application of a comparative tuberculin skin test resulted in an antibody boosting response to the same set of M. bovis CFPs in both the M. bovis infected and M. bovis sensitized cattle. We concluded that it is the heat sterilization of the M. bovis CFPs that causes severe structural changes to the M. bovis proteins. This work suggests that M. bovis infected cattle and cattle artificially sensitized to M. bovis with an injection of heat killed cells exhibit similar antibody responses to M. bovis antigens.
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Lymphocyte immunostimulation tests were conducted on Mycobacterium bovis-infected and tuberculin-negative rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), using purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculins prepared from strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium. The stimulation of lymphocytes with M tuberculosis PPD was significantly greater for the M bovis-infected macaques than for the noninfected controls (P smaller than 0.05). The response of lymphocytes from M bovis-infected macaques to stimulation with M tuberculosis PPD was greater than the responses to stimulation with M avium PPD (P smaller than 0.01). The results of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation and tuberculin skinreactivity were similar.
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The majority of cattle in Uganda are located in the "cattle corridor," an area stretching from the northeast to the southwest of the country. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) was first recorded in Uganda in 1917 and has been present in cattle since that time. In Uganda, BTB is most commonly encountered during routine meat inspection. The use of PCR has provided insights into the interspecies transmission and epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis. Uganda is ranked 19th among the countries with the highest burden of human tuberculosis (TB). Postmortem inspection followed by bacteriological examination of suspected lesions is an important tool to confirm the presence of BTB in animals. This chapter discusses studies that have identified several risk factors associated with BTB in cattle. BTB control programs in Uganda and other developing countries are fraught with many challenges and constraints, and are unlikely to achieve major advances unless current approaches are drastically changed.
Bovine tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
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