Design and Evaluation of a Novel Anti-microbial Peptide from Cathelicidin-2: Selectively Active Against Acinetobacter baumannii
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Background: Infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms have increased the need for hospital care and have thus represented a public health problem and a significant financial burden. Classical treatments consisting of traditional antibiotics face several challenges today. Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are a conserved characteristic of the innate immune response among different animal species to defend against pathogenic microorganisms. Objectives: In this study, a new peptide sequence (mCHTL131-140) was designed using the in silico approach. Methods: Cathelicidin-2 (UniprotID: Q2IAL7) was used as a potential antimicrobial protein, and a novel 10 - 12 amino acids sequence AMP was designed using bioinformatics tools and the AMP databases. Then, the anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-fungal properties of the peptide, as well as its hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity towards human fibroblast (HDF) cells, were investigated in vitro. Results: Online bioinformatics tools indicated that the peptide sequence could have anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-biofilm properties with little hemolytic properties. The experimental tests confirmed that mCHTL131-140 exhibited the best anti-bacterial properties against Acinetobacter baumannii and had fair anti-fungal properties. Besides, it did not cause red blood cell lysis and showed no cytotoxicity towards HDF cells. Conclusions: In general, the designed peptide can be considered a promising AMP to control hospital-acquired infections by A. baumannii.Keywords:
Acinetobacter baumannii
Cathelicidin
Cathelicidin
Lamellar granule
Epidermis (zoology)
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One characteristic abnormality of lesional skin in psoriasis is the excessive production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). AMPs typically are small (12-50 amino acids), have positive charge and amphipathic structure, and are found in all living organisms including mammals, insects, plants and invertebrates. These peptides are best known for their integral role in killing pathogenic microorganisms; however, in vertebrates, they are also capable of modifying host inflammatory responses by a variety of mechanisms. In psoriatic lesions, many AMPs are highly expressed, and especially the associations between psoriasis and cathelicidin, β-defensins or S100 proteins have been well studied. Among them, a cathelicidin peptide, LL-37, has been highlighted as a modulator of psoriasis development in recent years. AMPs had been thought to worsen psoriatic lesions but recent evidence has also suggested the possibility that the induction of AMPs expression might improve aspects of the disease. Further investigations are needed to uncover a previously underappreciated role for AMPs in modulating the immune response in psoriasis, and to improve disease without the risks of systemic immunosuppressive approaches.
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Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)are one kind of polypeptides produced by living organisms' defense system. Substantial evidence accumulated in recent years indicates that AMPs not only possess direct antimicrobial activities but also have multiple immunomodulatory activities. They play an important role in both the innate and adaptive immunity of the host. Their expressions are closely related to many human diseases. Thus, antimicrobial peptides may have potential applications as new therapeutics agents. The intent of this article is to review the structures, expression and bioactivities of defensins and cathelicidin, the main families of AMPs in human. Correlations between human diseases and antimicrobial peptides are also discussed.
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Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are evolutionary ancient molecules produced by nearly all living organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. More than 2000 AMPs have now been identified. These peptides are produced by most human cell types, such as those in the skin and mucous membranes and blood. Each tissue has a different spectrum of AMPs. Antimicrobial capacity depends on the structural characteristics such as charge and amphiphilicity that allow the insertion and/or penetration of AMP into the membranes of microorganisms or other cells. AMPs may have importance in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes. The most investigated AMPs are defensins and cathelicidin LL-37.
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Antimicrobial peptides refer to all of the peptides with antimicrobial activity expressed in various types of organisms.Skin-derived antimicrobial peptides play an important role in the protection of skin against infection by frequently contacting microbes in the environment.They mainly consist of defensins and cathelicidin LL-37.Since skin-derived antimicrobial peptides possess a series of advantages which are lacked by common antibiotics,their biological activity and correlation with skin barrier have become a hot spot in present studies.Further researches into skin-derived antimicrobial peptides will provide new hopes for thedefense against diseases,delay of aging,disclosure of pathogenesis of and development of treatment for somedermatoses.
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Epidermis; Defensins; Cathelicidins; Skin barrier
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Research on antimicrobial peptides has gained pace to exploit their potential and ability to replace conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides are important members of the host defense system, as they have a broad ability to kill microbes. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins form an important means of host defense in eukaryotes. Large antimicrobial proteins (>100 a.a.), are often lytic, nutrient-binding proteins or specifically target the microbial macromolecules. Small antimicrobial peptides act by disrupting the structure or function of microbial cell membranes. A multitude of antimicrobial peptides has been found in the epithelial layers, phagocytes, and body fluids of multicellular animals including humans. Aside from their role as endogenous antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides have functions in inflammation, wound repair, and regulation of the adaptive immune system. In this review, we discuss recent patents relating to antimicrobial peptides. These patents are related to the method of identifying peptides that have antimicrobial activity, including the papillosin antimicrobial peptide and its encoding gene, the antimicrobial peptide isolated from Halocynthia aurantium, retrocyclins, and the use of cathelicidin LL-37 and its derivatives for wound healing. These patents provide valuable information that could be useful in the identification of antimicrobial peptides and the exploitation of their therapeutic potential.
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Inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and rosacea were complicated by barrier abrogation and deficiency in innate immunity. The first defender of epidermal innate immune response is the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that exhibit a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The deficiency of these AMPs in the skin of AD fails to protect our body against virulent pathogen infections. In contrast to AD where there is a suppression of AMPs, rosacea is characterized by overexpression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), the products of which result in chronic epidermal inflammation. In this regard, AMP generation that is controlled by a key ceramide metabolite S1P-dependent mechanism could be considered as alternate therapeutic approaches to treat these skin disorders, i.e., Increased S1P levels strongly stimulated the CAMP expression which elevated the antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens resulting the improved AD patient skin.
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Sphingolipid
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Background – Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a pivotal role in cutaneous innate immunity. They are present in the skin of many animals, including mammals, and are both constitutively present and inducible by infection and injury. Functions – Antimicrobial peptides exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, with different potencies depending on their peptide structure. They also act as multifunctional effector molecules that influence diverse cellular processes, including cell migration, proliferation and differentiation, cytokine production, angiogenesis and wound healing. Suppressed AMP production has been associated with increased susceptibility to microbial insults and the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. This review highlights recent observations on the expression and role of AMPs, particularly the AMPs cathelicidin and β‐defensin, in healthy and diseased skin.
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Beta defensin
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