Removal of Chromium (III) and Reduction in Toxicity in a Primary Tannery Effluent Using Two Floating Macrophytes
Tomás LópezDeidamia FrancoLeónida MedinaC. García BenítezVerónica VillagraShaun Patrick McGahanGiselle Mariza DuréHajime G. Kurita-Oyamada
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Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) is a contaminant with toxic activity. Its presence in waters and soils is usually related to industrial activities such as tanneries. The aim of this study was to compare the removal of Cr(III) in hydroponic solutions and tannery effluents using two floating macrophytes: Salvinia auriculata and Eichhornia crassipes. First, to determine the chromium removal capacity in solution and the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in tissues of each plant, experiments were set up with contaminated solutions with Cr(III) concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L. Subsequently, both plant species were exposed to a primary tannery effluent contaminated with 12 mg/L of Cr(III) in order to study the removal capacity of organic and inorganic matter, as well as the acute toxicity in the water flea (Daphnia magna) and genotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Tests carried out on nutrient solutions revealed that both plants have a high capacity for removing Cr(III) in solution. The BAF in tissues was higher in E. crassipes compared to S. auriculata. In the experiments with a tannery effluent, both species presented low nutrient and organic matter removal efficiency, but they showed good Cr(III) removal capacity, with average reduction values of 57% for S. auriculata and 54% for E. crassipes after 72 h of exposure. E. crassipes contributed most to the reduction in acute toxicity in D. magna, while S. auriculata did not show a similar effect. However, both plant species managed to reduce the genotoxicity marker in D. rerio when compared with the initial effluent and the control.Keywords:
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Abstract Phytoremediation is cost effective and environmental friendly. This paper presents the importance of phytoremediation with particular emphasis on rhizofiltration, kinetics of bioaccumulation and uptake factor in Eichhornia crassipes. The present study tried to highlight the effectiveness of the aquatic plant, E. crassipes, in removing heavy metals (Cu and Zn) from aquatic solutions. The plant was exposed to 0.5 mg/L concentration of copper and zinc and their uptake was measured after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days of exposure. Toxicokinetics and uptake factors were calculated and the data generated clearly indicated that water hyacinth can be considered as good accumulator of Cu and Zn. Keywords: toxicokinetics, bioaccumulation, heavy metals, phytoremediation
Eichhornia crassipes
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The phenolic content of leaves of 40 aquatic and semi‐aquatic plant species, collected from stands distributed over the Netherlands was investigated. Species with submerged leaves showed a significantly lower phenolic content than species with emergent or floating leaves; the latter two showing no significant differences. Possible explanations for the observed differences are discussed in relation to defence strategies.
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The phytoextraction potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in the treatment of a representative sample of water of Madín Dam, contaminated with 24.45 mg/L of aluminum (Al) and 5.10 mg/L iron (Fe) was evaluated. Two 60 days experiments were performed, one using young and adult plants and the other with young ones, extracted and substituted every 15 days. The percentage of maximum removal observed in the hyacinth exposed for 60 continuous days was the one of young hyacinths, namely 72%. Besides, those hyacinths extracted every 15 days extracted about 86% of the metals in contaminated water. Eichhornia crassipes turned to be a Al and Fe tolerant species, but not capable of transporting those metals from the roots to the leaves. However, its harvest implies the removal of the whole specimen and therefore the complete extraction of the plant. This indicates that a post-treatment of the extracted hyacinth as a hazardous material would be required, due to its high content of heavy metals.
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Eichhornia crassipes
Contaminated water
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This paper elucidates the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) for TN and TP rich industrial wastewaters determined for 15 weeks under different set-ups of 2-fold (56 TN mg/l and 15.4 TP mg/l), 1-fold, 1/2-fold, 1/4-fold and 1/8-fold and a control with no nutrients in duplicate. A mass balance was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiencies and to identify the key mechanisms of nutrient removal from the wastewaters. Our results manifested that water hyacinth is a promising candidate for a batch removal of TN and TP from wastewaters. 100% removal of both TN and TP was observed at the end of the 9th week in all the set-ups mainly due to assimilation and the period between 6Ð9 weeks became the optimum period after which complete harvesting is recommended. Plants having an age of 6 weeks are ideal to commence the free-floating wetland and 21 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) is recommended for optimum removal of TN and TP. Assimilation and denitrification were the key mechanisms of TN removal while assimilation and sorption became the prominent mechanisms in the removal of TP from wastewaters.
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In order to explore community characteristics and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in Henan section of Huaihe River Basin and the causes,field survey and in-laboratory analysis were carried out of composition of aquatic macrophytes,and characteristics of the water and the soil environment and their relationship in the basin. Results show that a total of 51 species of aquatic macrophytes were detected,including 28 species of emergent plants,12 species of submerged plants and 10 species of floating-leaved plants,1 species of floating plant,which accounts for 54. 9%,23. 5%,19. 6%and 2. 0% of the total,respectively. They formed 14 types of communities,of which 5 were dominated with submerged plants,6 with emergent plants and 3 with floating leaf plants. The communities varied sharply in environment,especially factors,like NH4+-N,NO3--N,TN,TP and PO43-in the water. CCA reveals that water environment factors,such as TP,PO43-,NH4+-N and DO concentrations,were the key factors determining distribution of the aquatic macrophytes in the Huaihe River Basin.
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Water pollution caused by waste chrome leather tanning industry at Sukaregang, Garut Regency should be done by phytoremediation technique using plants from Ponteridaceae family. This research needs to know the level of absorption of Ponteridaceae plants and determine which one is the most effective to absorb chrome. The phase of this research is by gathering materials and determination of the Ponteridaceae plants, waste treatment with phytoremediation in 21 days, and analysis of chromium levels with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absorption capacity of Eichhornia crassipes Solm., Heteranthera peduncularis and Monochoria vaginalis are 1.5395; 0.5728, and 0.1057 µg/g. Based on the Duncan test, it is concluded that Eichhornia crassipes Solm. is the most effective among them with the highest ability to absorb metal chrome tannery wastes. Keywords : Chrome, Eichhornia crassipes Solm. , Heteranthera peduncularis, Monochoria vaginalis, phytoremediation
Eichhornia crassipes
Chromium Compounds
Environmental Pollution
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[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of Eichhornia crassipes as an invasive plant on aquatic plants in Dianchi Lake. [Method] Based on the determination of chlorophyll content of phytoplankton and submerged plant (Potamogeton pectinatus) in Dianchi Lake in different months, the effects of E. crassipes on aquatic plants in Dianchi Lake were studied, and the allelopathy effect of root culture solution of E. crassipes on Microcystis aquaticum was discussed. [Result] The growth of E. crassipes in Dianchi Lake reduced the chlorophyll content of phytoplankton and submerged plant (P. pectinatus), and it showed that E. crassipes had certain inhibitory effect on their growth; the culture solution of E. crassipes root inhibited M. aeruginosa growth obviously. [Conclusion] The study could provide scientific references for the prevention and control of ecological safety of E. crassipes.
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The constructed submerged plant bed(CSPB),with aquatic macrophytes being vegetated on a constructed submerged bed and artificial filling,is a biologic-ecological technique of water body restoration at virgin position for polluted water body,and its core is still aquatic macrophytes.The purification of aquatic macrophytes of CSPB for polluted water is a complicated physical,chemical and biologic process,the mechanism contains: 1.absorption of nutrient elements and enrichment of heavy metal;2.removal of SS and macromolecule organic matter by physical adsorb adsorption;3.enhance of Do in water by releasing oxygen;4.controlling the growth of algal and bacteria by means of biochemical effect;5.providing carrier and O2 for microorganism and forming plant-microbiology cooperating purification.Nevertheless,because aquatic macrophytes be vegetated directly under water in previous studies,the utilization of aquatic macrophytes,especially of submerged aquatic vegetation,is restricted by diaphaneity and depth of water,it becomes a important limit for aquatic macrophytes to be applied for restoring grievously polluted water with low diaphaneity and large depth.Contrarily,the CSPB technology can artificially adjust the depth of aquatic macrophytes under water by means of rising or sinking down the vegetation bed,so,it can eliminate the limit of diaphaneity and depth to the growth of aquatic vegetation.moreover,the CSPB technology is convenient for the scheme of species and community construction of aquatic macrophytes,as well as for the management and maintenance of aquatic vegetation.It should provide a new idea for water quality improvement by utilizing aquatic macrophytes in grievously polluted water body with low diaphaneity and large depth.
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The high level of community activity around the river has resulted in high levels of heavy metals contained in river water. Commonly found heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), and copper (Cu). To reduce or remove heavy metals in the waters, phytoremediation techniques are used. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of water hyacinth plants (E. crassipes) in remediating Zn2+ metal in contaminated Lake Tempe water. The research method used includes the sampling process, acclimatization, physicochemical analysis, Zn analysis, Bio-Concentration Factor (BCF), and infrared (IR) analysis. The Zn concentration in Lake Tempe water decreased after 30 days of the phytoremediation process. And the highest adsorbed Zn (II) metal ions on water hyacinth plants was 77,257 ppm on the 30th day. It was found that there is a relationship between the BCF value and the phytoremediation time, the higher the phytoremediation time, the higher the BCF value obtained. IR data show the presence of Zn metal bonds in plants involving the functional groups C=S, C=N, and OH. This indicates that water hyacinth (E. crassipes) has the potential to be used as a phytoremediation agent in adsorbing Zn in Lake Tempe waters.
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