Development of New Diagnostics for Detonator Characterization
Teagan NakamotoElizabeth FrancoisJohn R. GibsonDalton SmithDouglas TaskerChristopher TrujilloZakary Wilde
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Detonator
Characterization
Among the numerous technical evolutions in the blasting environment the authors are going to describe below the concept of electronic detonator sequenced by radio waves, and also its numerous applications. Three major technologies are used in the initiation environment: fused-initiated detonators; electric detonators; and non-electric detonators. The last two technologies were made available under multiple variants. Two major innovations are going to substantially change the way traditional detonators operate: pyrotechnic delays are replaced by electronic delays (greater accuracy); and triggering orders, passing through a cable, is now replaced by radio-waves transmission (possibility to do real time delay pattern). Such a new product provided all the features offered by current detonators, but also allows mastering specific cases that were difficult to control with the current technology, such as: vibration control; underground blast; and building demolition.
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The delay‐time of detonators in hole‐by‐hole blasting is generally calculated accurately considering they have great influence on the blasting effect, such as blasting vibration and blasting slungshot. The high‐precision nonel detonator and digital electronic detonator are been commonly used because of their accuracy of delay‐time. However, each detonator has an allowable error range of delay‐time due to the difference in manufacturing process. In the initiation network, the errors of delay‐time often accumulate gradually as the number of detonators increases. Therefore, theoretical delay‐time and actual delay‐time with error in the detonating network were discussed based on the delay‐time errors of detonators. The single‐factor variable method was used to carry out the comparative test in deep hole blasting. The results showed that the particle peak vibration velocity (PPV) was 13.1783 cm/s and 3.4856 cm/s with a drop of 73.55% in comparison with a nonel detonator and digital electronic detonator, which proved that hole‐by‐hole blasting in the high‐precision nonel detonator network was not achieved due to the delay error of detonators. Furthermore, the location distribution map of holes where the same section of detonators might occur was obtained. Finally, the probability of blasting in the same section changes with the number of blast holes was discovered by theoretical analysis, which provided a basis for accurate hole‐by‐hole blasting.
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The project of directional controlled demolition blasting of 210m high reinforced concrete chimney is introduced.Some methods were,such as emphatically introduced,the pretreatment measures,shape and size of blasting cut,blasting parameters,blasting network based on digital electronic detonator,safety technical measures and blasting effect.Especially the electronic digital detonator was the first time in high amounts to high structure demolition blasting.The digital electronic detonator applied good resistance to stray electrical effect,ensured the blasting work in the power plant security implementation,which improved the accuracy of extension.Can be used for reference for the similar projects.
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Abstract : Modern LASL detonators were subjected to three alternating current waveforms to determine the susceptibility of the detonators to high-order detonations when the line voltages supplied by local utility companies are applied across the detonator electrodes. Dent blocks were used for each test to resolve whether a high-order detonation was obtained. Some of the detonators were confined in mock H. E. inserts to compare the performance of a confined detonator with that of an unconfined detonator. The 1E30, 1E31, 1E33, and SE-1N detonators were investigated in three voltage waveforms, nominally 110, 208, and 440 V. None of these detonators achieved a high order detonation on any of the waveforms. The detonators either deflagrated or failed. The statistical probability, derived from the test results, of attaining a deflagration when one of these detonators is plugged into a wall outlet at any of the waveforms was between 70 and 85 %.
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According to initiation safety technology and measures of electronic detonators without complete standard and procedure,structure and principle of electronic detonator were introduced.Based on this,the security technology of LUX No.1 digital electronic detonator and its initiation system were discussed.Some suggestions were given to formulate security technology of initiation by electronic detonators in blasting engineering,which provide reference for workers using electronic detonators in blasting engineerings.
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The timely and exact ignition of delay detonator is the necessity of the successful completion of millisecond blasting. But when the shockwave produced by the first-fired charges propagates to the later-fired blast-hole charges and make a great action on the delay detonators in them,the detonators may be detonated or damaged. Both the two resulting circumstances are not favorable to the practice of the millisecond blasting. The sympathetic detonation or damage of the detonators after acted upon by shockwave in water were observed and analyzed by us. The observation shows that the detonators are prone to sympathetic detonation when subjected to a larger shockwave(130MPa),and are prone to damage,and hence,could not be fired when subjected to a relative smaller scale shockwave,but for a successful firing,its initiating ability would have no decline. The finding suggested that the hole spacing should not be less than the spacing which the resulted shockwave from first-fired charges can make the detonators in the later-fired charges be detonated by influence or damaged,and if necessary,safeguard measures should be taken for the detonators.
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Millisecond
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The chip integration of MEMS( Micro-electromechanical system) safety and arming devices has a requirement to develop a miniature detonator technology,and the charge of detonator needs high sensitivity and large detonator output because of its small size. The in-situ preparation of energetic materials is used for researching the charge of Si-based micro-detonator,and the firing energy actually utilized by Si-based micro-detonator is explored using the current loop. Firing sensitivity is tested based on GJB /Z377A—1994 sensitivity test methods: Langlie,and the output is also qualitatively tested. The result shows that 50% of firing sensitivity is 7. 89 V at 33 μF,and the detonator output can initiate CL-20.
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Digital detonator is one of most advanced blasting cap in the world,and its elements for delaying time are different from those of electric detonator and Nonel detonator.Digital detonator with accurate delaying time is effective tool in decreasing blasting vibration velocity of blasting engineering.Based on construction of Niuwanggai tunnel in Guiyang-Guangzhou high speed railway,many trials of decreasing blasting vibration velocity were carried out using digital detonator and Nonel detonator.The results indicated that blasting vibration velocity could be reduced about 60%~80% by using digital detonator.Digital detonator provided effective technology for resolving safety problems caused excavation tunnel by drill-blasting in complicated surroundings.
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Non-military explosives are used mainly for mining and tunnel construction, for building demolition and for various special uses such as setting off avalanches and for seismic investigations. Common to all explosives is their heterogeneous structure, the great work capacity (blast effect) and the advantage that the detonation releases only small amounts of poisonous explosion gases. Modern explosives for tunnel construction can be pumped and are capable of exploding only on site, by the addition or chemical generation of microbubbles. With the introduction of electronic detonators, explosive technology entered a new era. These detonators are very safe and precise, and it is possible to program up to 1600 detonators in one blasting operation.
Detonator
TATB
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
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