LLMs as Bridges: Reformulating Grounded Multimodal Named Entity
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Grounded Multimodal Named Entity Recognition (GMNER) is a nascent multimodal task that aims to identify named entities, entity types and their corresponding visual regions. GMNER task exhibits two challenging properties: 1) The weak correlation between image-text pairs in social media results in a significant portion of named entities being ungroundable. 2) There exists a distinction between coarse-grained referring expressions commonly used in similar tasks (e.g., phrase localization, referring expression comprehension) and fine-grained named entities. In this paper, we propose RiVEG, a unified framework that reformulates GMNER into a joint MNER-VE-VG task by leveraging large language models (LLMs) as a connecting bridge. This reformulation brings two benefits: 1) It maintains the optimal MNER performance and eliminates the need for employing object detection methods to pre-extract regional features, thereby naturally addressing two major limitations of existing GMNER methods. 2) The introduction of entity expansion expression and Visual Entailment (VE) Module unifies Visual Grounding (VG) and Entity Grounding (EG). It enables RiVEG to effortlessly inherit the Visual Entailment and Visual Grounding capabilities of any current or prospective multimodal pretraining models. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RiVEG outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the existing GMNER dataset and achieves absolute leads of 10.65%, 6.21%, and 8.83% in all three subtasks.This paper provides suggestions of doing a grounded theory business research. The main intention is to provide guidelines and suggestions for novice researchers, students and their supervisors in conducting a grounded theory business research. The main discussion of this paper will focus on the principles driving a grounded theory research, the choice between the two versions of grounded theory, the research problem, the purpose of the study, the research questions, and the place of literature review in a grounded theory study. In addition, an example of how a grounded theory was induced from data is illustrated. Its purpose is to illustrate how the procedures of data analysis, theoretical memoing and theoretical sampling were used to progressively to generate a grounded theory. In conclusion, the specific skills required by the researchers attempting a grounded theory study are suggested.
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This paper tries to discuss families of grounded theory. Grounded theory is a systematic research analysis that deals with qualitative research area. It is based on the effort to collect field data; follow the development and refinement through the systematic data analysis, and the final result can test existing theories or develop a new theory. Therefore, it constructs hypotheses and theories by the continuous collection and analysis of data. It is established for the first time in 1967 by two American sociologists Barney Galland Glaser and Anselm Leonard Strauss. Since the starting, it has taken on different iterations, and evolved a number of variants, such as classic grounded theory, Straussian grounded theory, constructivist grounded theory, and feminist grounded theory. New grounded theory researchers face difficulties to understand how to operate and apply families of grounded theory concepts and methods properly. This study has planned to provide an overview of families of grounded theory with the proper explanation for them. In this study an attempt has been taken to provide an up-to-date research framework of a grounded theory and its variants.
Constructivist grounded theory
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This research work was conducted to explore the divergent perspective of notable proponents and authors who had employed Grounded Theory in their respective research endeavors. Discriminating the varying viewpoints of grounded theory is essential in strengthening the degree of understanding on the extent grounded theory can be utilized in a given social concerns and issues under qualitative design. In immersing into the context, situation and the personal interests of the proponents gave the researcher an opportunity to explore Grounded Theory according to their level of perspective without putting the researcher’s personal bias. Having traced the progression of grounded theory through rigorous critical review on literature and comparative analysis on the unique features and application as employed by relevant authors, resulted to the idea that grounded theory revolved with time. This meant that in using grounded theory in their research it resulted to a new variant of grounded theory. This implied that grounded theory is consistent with its principle which is theory generation. That following the tenets of grounded theory approach and its methodology, it resulted to finding a relevant theory that was a by-product of grounded theory itself.
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To introduce a synthesised technique for using grounded theory in nursing research.Nursing increasingly uses grounded theory for a broadened perspective on nursing practice and research. Nurse researchers have choices in how to choose and use grounded theory as a research method. These choices come from a deep understanding of the different versions of grounded theory, including Glaser's classic grounded theory and Strauss and Corbin's later approach.Grounded theory related literature review was conducted.This is a methodological review paper.Nursing researchers intent on using a grounded theory methodology should pay attention to the theoretical discussions including theoretical sampling, theoretical sensitivity, constant comparative methods and asking questions, keeping memoranda diagramming, identification of a core category and a resultant explanatory theory. A synthesised approach is developed for use, based on Strauss and Corbin's style of sampling and memoranda writing, but selecting theoretical coding families, that differ from the paradigm model of Strauss and Corbin, from the wide range suggested by Glaser. This led to the development of a multi-step synthesised approach to grounded theory data analysis based on the works of Glaser, Charmaz and Strauss and Corbin.The use of this synthesised approach provides a true reflection of Glaser's idea of 'emergence of theory from the data' and Strauss and Corbin's style of sampling and memoranda writing is employed. This multi-step synthesised method of data analysis maintains the philosophical perspective of grounded theory.This method indicates how grounded theory has developed, where it might go next in nursing research and how it may continue to evolve.
Axial coding
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Purpose This study aims to present a guide for using grounded theory methods for exploring organizational phenomena of the new online era. Design/methodology/approach A reflexive account is adopted on how one can build upon the foundations of traditional offline grounded theory for conducting grounded theorizing with online-based data. Findings Guidelines for conducting grounded theory on online contexts are presented for crafting research questions, gathering online data and using consolidated methods for analyzing online data. This study shows future and present challenges posed by the new online era for grounded theorizing, as well as helpful lessons to be learned from traditional offline grounded theory to mitigate them. Research limitations/implications The implications are helpful for established qualitative organizational scholars that are yet to catch-up in the boundary spanning process of using the digital sources of data in grounded theory. They are equally helpful for newcomers on qualitative grounded theory by guiding them on where and how to start these challenging research endeavors of grounded theorizing in this new online era. Originality/value Scant attention has been given on applications of grounded theory in the new online era. The differences between online and offline settings have not been clearly defined to this date, and neither do guidelines exist for how qualitative grounded theorists can take advantage of online data to build theory about new organizational phenomena emerging in the online era.
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"Grounded Theory" has been employed quite widely in studies of information systems (IS) phenomena. A survey of IS literature reveals conflict in the understanding and use of "grounded theory". The term "grounded theory" is often used as a catch phrase to denote usage of a grounded theory approach to conducting research. A variety of grounded theory approaches have been employed in IS research. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the alternative approaches employed, and the extent to which each was used. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive review of IS studies that employed "grounded theory" was carried out. Articles from the commonly ranked top 50 IS-centric journals were used as the frame of reference. These journals most closely represent the status quo in IS research. Articles for the period 1985 to 2007 were examined. The analysis revealed four main grounded theory approaches in IS research. These can be classified as the "Glaserian" grounded theory approach, the "Straussian" grounded theory approach, the use of "grounded theory" as part of a mixed methodology, and the simple application of grounded theory techniques, typically for data analysis purposes. The latter has been the most common application of "grounded theory" in IS research. The "Glaserian" approach was the least often employed, with many studies opting for the "Straussian" approach. These and other findings are discussed and implications drawn.
Information Theory
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Qualitative research in general and the grounded theory approach in particular, have become increasingly prominent in medical education research in recent years. In this Guide, we first provide a historical perspective on the origin and evolution of grounded theory. We then outline the principles underlying the grounded theory approach and the procedures for doing a grounded theory study, illustrating these elements with real examples. Next, we address key critiques of grounded theory, which continue to shape how the method is perceived and used. Finally, pitfalls and controversies in grounded theory research are examined to provide a balanced view of both the potential and the challenges of this approach. This Guide aims to assist researchers new to grounded theory to approach their studies in a disciplined and rigorous fashion, to challenge experienced researchers to reflect on their assumptions, and to arm readers of medical education research with an approach to critically appraising the quality of grounded theory studies.
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This chapter contains sections titled: History of Grounded Theory Introduction to the Method What Kinds of Research Questions is Grounded Theory Most Suited To? What Kinds of Questions is Grounded Theory Not Suited To? Collecting Data: What Constitutes Data and How Much Should I Collect? How Might Participants and Service Users be Involved in Grounded Theory Studies? How Does a Researcher Use Grounded Theory? What Makes for a Better Quality Grounded Theory Study? Future Directions for Grounded Theory Acknowledgement References
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The application of grounded theory was the conduit to theory development in this study. The intent was to explore nurse manager, educator, preceptor, and new graduates’ perceptions of workplace readiness for new graduates entering an Intensive Care Unit. Research participants were drawn from five different ICUs: Medical, Coronary Care, Surgical, Neuroscience, and Trauma. One-on-one interviews were conducted to collect participants’ perspectives on readiness to practice in the ICU. Using grounded theory, four themes emerged giving rise to the novice nurse embracing the ICU theory (NNEIT). Reflections on the type of grounded theory used, reasons for the selection, challenges faced in the theoretical development process, modifications for future grounded theory studies, and recommendations on how to further future grounded theory studies are discussed. Information useful for new grounded theory researchers and strategies for first-time researchers to overcome the challenges of conducting grounded theory studies are presented.
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