Racial Capitalism and Global Labour Studies – a Missed Encounter ?
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Despite of the centrality of the topic of labour in the 1983 book by Cedric Robinson, Black Marxism, global labour studies have devoted little attention to the concept of racial capitalism that became established with Robinson’s book. Robinson’s main claim is that the first proletariat formed in the plantations in colonized countries from about the 16th century, calling into question the crucial relevance of the industrial proletariat in England (and Europe) for the emergence of the labour movement. In taking up recent debates on racial capitalism that are inspired by Robinson´s work, but which also expand and criticize it, this text proposes a more integrated theorization of race and labour. It also takes up debates about the Plantationocene as a complex dispositive which connects ecological rupture, large scale production and racialised labour.Abstract A growing number of historians are self‐identifying as historians of capitalism, a new subfield within the discipline, and have produced research on interesting new questions that transcend the subfields of economic, business, social, cultural, and political history. Ironically, what is missing from the “new” history of capitalism is any serious engagement with the new subfield's central character—capitalism, which instead is simply assumed despite being a contested concept. The implications are not trivial and include making unfalsifiable claims, unwittingly implying that capitalism is totalizing, and reproducing rather than exposing ahistorical understandings of the concept.
HAMLET (protein complex)
Business history
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Capitalism has spread throughout the world. It is all-pervasive. It has reached the point where virtually all societies in the world are affected—culturally, politically, economically. When we think of capitalism, we most often think of it as an economic system, and far too many of our discussions, analyses and understandings of capitalism are predominately economic. But capitalism is far more than economics. Capitalism is multidimensional. We are confronted by it not only in economic activity but also in virtually all aspects of life.
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Abstract Loïc Wacquant’s essay, “The Trap of ‘Racial Capitalism’”, asks whether the term is “a conceptual solution or a conceptual problem”. His answer is forthright. He argues that racial capitalism has no place in a properly defined and understood social science. In this contribution, we set out the limitations, as we perceive them, of Wacquant’s own analysis and, at the same time, discuss other difficulties of the idea of racial capitalism. These, we suggest, are associated with an absence common to Wacquant and the major proponents of racial capitalism alike; namely, a failure to reckon systematically with the ways in which modern capitalism arises and develops within the global structures of European colonialism.
Trap (plumbing)
Conceptual framework
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Marx's theory on the division of social formation provides theoretical basis for the study of the development stages of capitalism. According to the stage qualitative change of the means of production in the whole quantitative change, capitalism can be divided into five stages: individual capitalism, collective capitalism, aggregative capitalism, national capitalism and international capitalism. Based on the partial qualitative change of the means of production in the whole quantitative change, capitalism can be separated into three stages: feudal capitalism, capitalism proper and social capitalism.
Feudalism
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Lindsay Schakenbach Regele’s essay “A Brief History of the History of Capitalism, and a New American Variety” attempts to provide more structure to the field known as the new history of capitalism (NHOC) by defining martial capitalism as a new variant. In contrast, this essay asserts that the lack of definitional precision within the NHOC is not a bug, but rather one of its key features. To define capitalism would be to delimit where it was and was not present historically. If part of the argument of the NHOC is that capitalism pervaded—indeed infected—all aspects of American life, then defining the term would be self-defeating. In the end, martial capitalism suffers from the same shortcomings of the NHOC more generally, in that it places all “warlike activities” of the state under the undefined umbrella of something vaguely called “capitalism.”
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In the article, the authors pose and consider in detail the extremely topical question of whether capitalism has a future or will it be replaced by some new system. And if there is a future, then what kind of future is it? These are not new questions, but in the last few years they have acquired exceptional importance, since not only the left, but also representatives of the largest financial capital have started talking about the end of capitalism. The article deals with the following questions: what is capitalism as a way of life and as a system; what was the evolution of capitalism; what are his potentialities. In addition, various scenarios are considered and forecasts are given for the next 50–100 years. It is assumed that in the next few decades the development of capitalism may proceed differently in developed and developing countries, resulting in a complex continuum of types, transitions, combinations and forms of capitalism. The authors believe that capitalism will be inevitably transformed to one degree or another, but the degree of such transformation can vary greatly. Various scenarios for the future of capitalism are considered: from maintaining its leading role to reducing capitalism to one of a few socio-economic subsystems.
Capital (architecture)
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Capitalism has transformed considerably since it started. We are now in a very distinct stage of its development. ‘How did we get here?’ examines the development of industrial capitalism and divides it into three stages: anarchic capitalism, managed capitalism, and remarketized capitalism. The deficiencies and conflicts of anarchic capitalism led to the development of a managed capitalism, which showed that it is possible to protect people from the worst consequences of free market forces with state intervention and regulation. Managed capitalism generated its own problems, however, and a second transformation to remarketized capitalism has provided greater choice and more freedom for the individual, but also a less secure life, intensified work pressures, and greater inequality.
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Capitalism used to be a singular term, but, like many keywords in English, now is often presented and discussed as a plural: capitalisms. Whereas capitalism formerly stood for what today is called industrial capitalism, scholars currently talk about varieties of capitalism: commercial capitalism, industrial capitalism, financial capitalism, and neoliberal capitalism, to name but the most prominent historical variants. Given this proliferation, and the inherent difficulty of defining capitalism, singular, it is important to be clear about the meaning and function of our object of inquiry. After all, “different definitions lead to different conclusions and may make for very different histories.”
Plural
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Abstract The word 'capitalism' is heard and used frequently, but what is capitalism about, and what does it mean? Capitalism: A Very Short Introduction discusses the history and development of capitalism through several detailed case studies, ranging from the 'tulipomania' of 17th-century Holland, the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the impact of the global financial crisis that started in 2007–8. It looks at the different forms that capitalism takes in Britain, Japan, Sweden, and the United States, and explores whether capitalism has escaped the nation-state by going global. It asks whether there is an alternative to capitalism, discussing socialism, communal and cooperative experiments, and the alternatives proposed by environmentalists.
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