The effect on carcass characteristics of different silage types used in the rations of fattening lambs
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This study was carried out to investigate the effects on carcass characteristics of lambs fed with different silage types (corn silage, sunflower silage and their mixtures) and their mixtures at different levels. In the study, rumen volatile fatty acids levels and rumen pH of the lambs used in the experiment were determined at the beginning and end of fattening. For corn silage and sunflower silages, aerobic stability and lactic acid bacteria and yeast-mold counts were determined. In the treatment, 40 Kıvırcık male lambs aged 2.5-3 months were used as animal material. Lambs were divided into 5 different silage groups (100% corn silage, 75% corn+25% sunflower silage, 50% corn silage+50% sunflower silage, 25% corn silage+75% sunflower silage, 100% sunflower silage) and it was planned to have 8 lambs in each group. The lambs were housed in individual compartments during the experiment and the animals were individually fed. Silages were given to the lambs ad libitum and in addition to silage 700, 900 and 1400 g concentrated feed were given daily between 0-21, 21-42 and 42-56 days, respectively. As a result, it can be said that feeding with different silage types does not have a significant effect on carcass characteristics of lambs, and silages prepared with corn silage, sunflower silage and their mixtures can be used successfully in lamb fattening.Keywords:
Silage
The results of special silage experiment showed that the content of dry matty(DM)and the crude protein(CP)in the silage treated with lactic acid bacteria supplement were the highest which increased 8.0% and 71.9% than that in the silage treated with green oaf,respectively,as compared with common silage and the silage treated with green oat;the pH,the content of neatral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) in the silage treated with green oat were the highest,second in common silage,the lowest in the silage treated with lactic acid bacteria supplemend(P0.05),The content of lactic acid in silage was increased by the treatment with lactic acid bacteria supplement to improve the quality of silage.
Silage
Neutral Detergent Fiber
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Silage
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The objective of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis that compared the chemical composition of corn silage produced for different experimental purposes, i.e., by research groups that studied corn silage (SCS) or by research groups that only used corn silage (UCS) as a form of roughage. We analyzed 203 papers that were published between January 1994 and December 2014 and contained a total of 647 treatments and the analysis of 1701 silos. We found a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the dry matter (DM) content of SCS silage (33.00%) and that of UCS silage (30.64%). The DM contents of neutral detergent fiber for the SCS and UCS silage were high (54.72 and 55.14% DM, respectively) but were not significantly different from one another (P = 0.5936), and the acid detergent fiber content of the UCS silage (31.04% DM) was higher than that of the SCS silage (29.65%, P = 0.0214), which indicated that the UCS silage was less digestible than the SCS silage. This was also corroborated (P = 0.0064) by the mean content of total digestible nutrients (64.18% DM) in the UCS silage, which likely results from the lower level of care taken when using standard silage production methods, compared to that taken by SCS researchers. Therefore, we concluded that the corn silage produced by research groups in Brazil are not analyzed in full and that, as a result, there is a paucity of important information, such as the content of organic acids. In addition, we also found that corn silage produced in Brazil contains a high level of neutral detergent fiber.
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Neutral Detergent Fiber
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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different proportions of alfalfa silage on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage. Three TMRs were prepared with different silage contents on a fresh matter basis: (1) 60% alfalfa silage (AS60), (2) 40% alfalfa silage (AS40), and (3) 20% alfalfa silage (AS20). The lactic acid in AS60 did not increase after 30 days of ensiling (p > 0.05). Butyric acid was detected in the AS20 group after 14 days of ensiling. The AS60 group showed significantly higher in vitro dry matter digestibility than the AS20 group (p < 0.05). The aerobic stability of TMR silage gradually increased with a decreasing percentage of alfalfa silage (p < 0.05). Unlike AS60, which directly gained an acidic environment from the alfalfa silage, AS40 developed a stable acidic environment during ensiling and further improved aerobic stability. However, when the percentage of alfalfa silage was reduced to 20%, a risk of clostridial spoilage occurred in the TMR silage. Therefore, the addition of 40% alfalfa silage to TMR is optimal and could achieve both good fermentation quality and considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration in TMR silage.
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Total mixed ration
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Second-cut alfalfa in mid-bloom was ensiled in 3.6-m-diameter silage bags to give about 20 t of material per bag. Six bag types were utilized and each was replicated thrice. Bags evaluated were: PolyStor, Silobag, CIL-SB2, CIL-SB3, Visqueen, and AgBag. Ensiled material was assayed for chemical composition, including fermentation products, 2 and 14 mo after ensiling. Silage was also evaluated qualitatively based on smell (ammonia and silage aroma) and appearance (color, spoilage, consistency, and mold) at 8 and 14 mo. At 2 mo, all silages were judged to have met minimum requirements of good silage. However, significant differences in chemical composition suggest potential silage feeding value could be rated:[Formula: see text]Qualitative evaluation after 8 mo suggested silage quality was similar to that determined at 2 mo. However, after 14 mo one bag type contained silage which did not meet minimum requirements for good silage. The unacceptable silage, from PolyStor bags, had high pH as well as low concentrations of lactic acid and total alcohols. Within the five silage types judged to have met minimum standards, there was insufficient difference in chemical composition to suggest differences in potential feeding value. Silage in all bags showed significant deterioration between 8 and 14 mo and it is suggested that to ensure high-quality feed, silage should be fed prior to the summer following bag filling. Key words: Silage bags, silage quality, alfalfa
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Twenty-lour Holstein-Friesian lactating dairy cows were divided at random into two groups and received the following diets : 1)corn silage plus gross silage 2)corn silage plus alfalfa silage. In addition, all the cows were fed hay and concentrate at 0∼25% of milk yield. The objective was to determine the effects of feeding grass silage or alfalfa silage with corn silage based diets on gross energetic efficiency of milk production in a 24-wk studs. Gross energetic efficiency was calculated as the simple ratio between energy output in milk and energy consumed. Gross energetic efficiency was not different between com silage plus grass silage and com silage plus alfalfa silage. With advancing lactation stage, the gross energetic efficiency decreased in both treatment groups. Dry matter intake were more with corn silage plus bras, silage than com silage plus alfalfa silage because of moisture content. Four percentFCM were lightly higher in animals on corn silage plus alfalfa silage than in those on corn silage plus grass silage. It was concluded that supplementing corn silage with alfalfa silage w as effective in improving milk yield and gross energetic efficiency.
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This experiment was carried out to compare the palatability and feeding of the phargmites prosturatus silage with those of corn silage. The results obtained in this experiment were as follows; 1. Tire crude protein in the chemical composition of the phragmites profturatus silage way higher than the control lot and it was found good quality. 2. The organic acid of the Phragmites prosturatus silage and the PH was similar to control lot and the silage quality by KIRSCH method was good quality. 3. The palatability of phragmites pro. silage was similar to control lot and it was not significant. 4. The body weight of phragmites pro. silage was similar to control lot and it way not significant. It is concluded that the phragmites prosturatus silage could be utilized on equal feed as corn silage.
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Palatability
Phragmites
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The effects of three preslaughter diets on heifer beef quality were investigated. Heifers (n = 45) were divided into three groups and fed for ad libitum consumption either maize silage, grass silage, or a 50:50 mixture of maize silage and grass silage. Meat quality was determined by measuring color, lipid oxidation, alpha-tocopherol levels, and fatty acid composition. Beef from the maize silage group had poorest color stability (P < 0.05), whereas beef from the grass silage diet had best (P < 0.05) color stability. The visual panel least preferred the maize silage group after 2 or more days of display, and lipid oxidation was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in this group compared to the 50:50 maize:grass silage and grass silage groups. There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference in the alpha-tocopherol levels detected in the meat from the three dietary groups. Alpha-tocopherol levels increased in the order: maize silage < 50:50 maize:grass silage < grass silage, at levels of 2.08, 2.95, and 3.84 microg/g meat, respectively. Fatty acid analysis indicated 18:3 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the maize silage-fed group than in the maize:grass silage and grass silage groups. However, 18:3 was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the grass silage group than in the other two groups. There were no significant differences in all other fatty acids among the three dietary groups. It was concluded that beef from grass silage-fed animals had better overall quality in terms of color, lipid oxidation, and alpha-tocopherol levels than beef from maize silage fed animals.
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Beef Cattle
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Three silage experiments were conducted in Uppsala, Sweden, with the objective of determining the physical impact of different harvesting machines on the forage and on silage fermentation. Experiments were also conducted to investigate whether the application of water or a solution of surfactants to cut or long grass could compensate for the lack of released cell contents and lead to a fermentation pattern comparable to that of precision-chopped (PC) forage. Forage chopped by different machines to almost equal median particle length (23-29 mm) produced silage of very different quality, probably because of different degrees of tissue disruption. Forage chopped in a cutter head (CUT) or by a forage wagon (FW) resulted in silage with high clostridial activity and low lactic acid formation in contrast to PC forage, which produced high quality silage without butyric acid. An increase in silage density from 107 to 182 kgDM m-3
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The effects of moisture content and lactic acid bacteria additive on the quality of Italian ryegrass silage were investigated.Italian ryegrass(booting stage)was ensiled in plastic drums for 42 dwith application of lactic acid bacteria at 0,105,106 and 107 cfu/g fresh weight at three different moisture contents:85.23%,74.70% and 65.70%.Ensiling at 65.70% moisture produced good quality silage with or without addition of lactic acid bacteria but the highest quality silage resulted from the application of lactic acid bacteria.Silage quality was also good at 74.70% moisture but only with the addition of lactic acid bacteria;higher bacteria application rates improved silage quality.It is concluded that ensiling at 65.70% moisture with the addition of lactic acid bacteria(107 cfu/g fresh weight)produced the highest quality silage.
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