Short-term associations of diarrhoeal diseases with temperature and precipitation: a multi-country study in Asia and Africa
Nasif HossainLina MadaniyaziChris Fook Sheng NgDilruba NasrinXerxes SeposoPaul Lester ChuaAbu Syed Golam FaruqueMasahiro Hashizume
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Diarrhoeal disease
Kerala (India) has a low prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases, but recently there has been an increase in water –related diseases. Prevalence of diarrhoea (in two rural communities of Kerala) among under-five children was selected as the indicator, to assess the factors leading to a resurgence of diarrhoeal diseases. Related factors studied were access to clean drinking water, sanitation facilities, and hygienic behaviour prevalent. Methodology involved a cross-sectional household survey, using a pretested interview schedule. Among the 1028 under-five children, the prevalence of diarrhoea was 8.7% in the two week period preceding the survey. Occurrence of diarrhoea was significantly associated with the socio-economic status of the household, age of the child, breast-feeding practises, hygiene behaviour, availability of drinking water, presence of sanitation facility etc. Washing hands was significantly associated with occurrence of diarrhoea in some instances. The need for a region specific health education and increased availability of water was realised. Keywords: Diarrhoeal Diseases, Environmental Sanitation, Kerala
Diarrhoeal disease
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Diarrhoeal illness is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality and has long-term negative impacts on child development. Although flooring, water and sanitation have been identified as important routes of transmission of diarrhoeal pathogens, research examining variability in the association between flooring and diarrhoeal illness by water and sanitation is limited.We utilised cross-sectional data collected for the evaluation of Zimbabwe's Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV transmission programme in 2014 and 2017-18. Mothers of infants 9-18 months of age self-reported the household's source of drinking water and type of sanitation facility, as well as infant diarrhoeal illness in the four weeks prior to the survey. Household flooring was assessed using interviewer observation, and households in which the main material of flooring was dirt/earthen were classified as having unimproved flooring, and those with solid flooring (e.g. cement) were classified as having improved flooring.Mothers of infants living in households with improved flooring were less likely to report diarrhoeal illness in the last four weeks (PDa = -4.8%, 95% CI: -8.6, -1.0). The association between flooring and diarrhoeal illness did not vary by the presence of improved/unimproved water (pRERI = 0.91) or sanitation (pRERI = 0.76).Our findings support the hypothesis that household flooring is an important pathway for the transmission of diarrhoeal pathogens, even in settings where other aspects of sanitation are sub-optimal. Improvements to household flooring do not require behaviour change and may be an effective and expeditious strategy for reducing childhood diarrhoeal illness irrespective of household access to improved water and sanitation.Les maladies diarrhéiques sont l'une des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité infantiles et ont des effets négatifs à long terme sur le développement de l'enfant. Bien que le revêtement de sol, l'eau et l'assainissement aient été identifiés comme des voies de transmission importantes des agents pathogènes diarrhéiques, la recherche examinant la variabilité de l'association entre le revêtement de sol et les maladies diarrhéiques par l'eau et les sanitaires est rare. MÉTHODES: Nous avons utilisé des données transversales collectées pour l'évaluation du programme de prévention de la transmission du VIH de la mère à l'enfant au Zimbabwe en 2014 et 2017-18. Les mères de nourrissons âgés de 9 à 18 mois ont déclaré la source d'eau potable du ménage et le type d'installation sanitaire, ainsi que les maladies diarrhéiques de l’enfant au cours des quatre semaines précédant l'enquête. Le revêtement de sol des ménages a été évalué en utilisant l'observation de l'intervieweur. Les ménages dont le principal matériau de revêtement de sol était de la terre étaient classés comme ayant un revêtement de sol non amélioré et les ménages dont le revêtement de sol était en ciment étaient classés comme ayant un revêtement de sol amélioré. RÉSULTATS: Les mères de nourrissons vivant dans des ménages avec un revêtement de sol amélioré étaient moins susceptibles de déclarer une maladie diarrhéique au cours des quatre semaines précédentes (PDa = --9%, IC95%: -8,6 à -1,0). L'association entre les revêtements de sol et les maladies diarrhéiques ne variait pas selon la présence d'eau améliorée/non améliorée (p RERI = 0,91) ou de sanitaires (p RERI = 0,76).Nos résultats corroborent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le revêtement de sol domestique est une voie importante pour la transmission d'agents pathogènes diarrhéiques, même dans des contextes où d'autres aspects des sanitaires ne sont pas optimaux. L'amélioration du revêtement de sol domestique ne nécessite pas de changement de comportement et peut être une stratégie efficace et rapide pour réduire les maladies diarrhéiques infantiles, indépendamment de l'accès des ménages à une eau et à des sanitaires améliorés.
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Diarrhoeal disease
Diarrheal diseases
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Objectives and activities of the Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme launched by WHO in 1978 are described. The programme aims to reduce mortality and malnutrition due to diarrhoea by making available oral rehydration salts and training in the treatment and prevention of diarrhoeal diaseses. Research on the causes, prevention and treatment of diarrhoeal diseases is also being organized with the collaboration of national and international agencies.
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IntroductionTraveller's diarrhoea is usually a mild gastrointestinal disorder.It is generally acute and short-term, but in 10 percent of all cases symptoms last for more than a week.Bacterial and viral agents are responsible for more than 80 percent of cases of acute traveller's diarrhoea.Though incriminated in only one to three percent of cases of acute traveller's diarrhoea, parasites -mainly protozoa-account for about 30 percent of cases of persistent diarrhoea in travellers (Leder, 2009;Okhuysen, 2001).Recent acceleration and expansion of international travel for business, leisure, philanthropic or other purposes has contributed to an increase in cases of intestinal protozoal disease in the developed world (Topazian & Bia, 1994;Vassalou & Vassalos et al., 2010). Traveller's diarrhoeaSince the 1950s, a decade which saw an increase in trips to exotic locales, the prospect of developing diarrhoea has been a major concern for foreign travellers.It is believed that traveller's diarrhoea is the most common health problem of people journeying abroad for education, research, business, or pleasure.Traveller's diarrhoea is classically defined as the passage of three or more unformed stools in a 24-hour period with or without mild gastrointestinal symptoms including cramps, nausea and mild fever (Steffen, 2005).More serious gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting and dysentery with blood and/or mucus in the stool, are rare.Owing to the brief incubation period that ranges from hours to a few days, it is most likely that traveller's diarrhoea will develop on the third or fourth day of the travel.A second peak is observed around the 10th day, although some digestive problems may occur at any time (Cailhol & Bouchaud, 2007). Aetiological agentsMany non-infectious phenomena, such as a change in lifestyle, climate or eating habits, consumption of spicy foods, and psychosomatic conditions, have been incriminated as causes of diarrhoea in the traveller.However, traveller's diarrhoea is generally of an infectious origin.Bacteria account for approximately 60 to 80 percent of all cases, whereas viral agents and parasites, mainly protozoa, are responsible for about 10 to 20 percent and 5 to 10 percent of the cases, respectively (Ericsson et al., 2008).There are differences in www.intechopen.com How to referenceIn order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
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Diarrhoeal disease remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the under-five population, particularly in low income settings such as sub-Saharan Africa. Despite significant progress in sanitation and water access, faecal-oral infections persist in these populations. Therefore, a better understanding of these transmission pathways, and how potential risk factors can be reduced within low income contexts is needed. This study, conducted in Southern Malawi from June to October 2017, used a mixed methods approach to collect data from household surveys (n = 323), checklists (n = 31), structured observations (n = 80), and microbiological food samples (n = 20). Results showed that food prepared for immediate consumption (primarily porridge for children) posed a low health risk. Poor hygiene practices increased the risk of contamination from shared family meals. Faecal and Staphylococcal bacteria were associated with poor hand hygiene and unhygienic eating conditions. Leftover food storage and inadequate pre-consumption heating increased the risk of contamination. Improvements in food hygiene and hand hygiene practices at critical points could reduce the risk of diarrhoeal disease for children under 2 years but must consider the contextual structural barriers to improved practice like access to handwashing facilities, soap, food and water storage.
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