Multistate nontyphoidal Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli outbreaks linked to international travel — United States, 2017–2020
Caroline HabrunMeseret G. BirhaneLouise Francois WatkinsKatharine M. BenedictLyndsay BottichioKaylea NemechekBeth TolarMorgan N. SchroederJessica C. ChenHayat CaidiMisha RobynMegin Nichols
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Abstract Enteric bacterial infections are common among people who travel internationally. During 2017–2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated 41 multistate outbreaks of nontyphoidal Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli linked to international travel. Resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents was detected in at least 10% of isolates in 16 of 30 (53%) nontyphoidal Salmonella outbreaks and 8 of 11 (73%) Shiga toxin-producing E. coli outbreaks evaluated by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. At least 10% of the isolates in 14 nontyphoidal Salmonella outbreaks conferred resistance to one or more of the clinically significant antimicrobials used in human medicine. This report describes the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of these travel-associated multistate outbreaks. Investigating illnesses among returned travellers and collaboration with international partners could result in the implementation of public health interventions to improve hygiene practices and food safety standards and to prevent illness and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms domestically and internationally.Surveillance of general outbreaks of infectious gastroenteritis was introduced in 1998 by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI), in co-operation with the eight health boards. A total of 67 general outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Ireland were reported to the FSAI in 1998 and 1999. Over 1900 people were ill as a result of these outbreaks. Four percent required hospitalisation and there were two deaths. The duration of the outbreaks varied between one day and 38 days. Salmonellae (44%) and small round structured viruses (SRSV) (12%) were the most commonly reported pathogens. In 25% of the outbreaks the aetiology was unknown. The commonest settings were restaurants, hotels and take-aways, which accounted for 45% (30/67) of all outbreaks. Sixteen percent of all outbreaks occurred in hospitals and residential institutions. Over half of the outbreaks were reported to be foodborne, 63% of which were due to various serotypes of Salmonella enterica. Eggs were implicated as the vehicle of infection in 13% of all outbreaks. An infected food handler was identified in almost one third of outbreaks, although it could not be established if this had contributed directly to the outbreak.
Salmonella Food Poisoning
Etiology
Salmonella enterica
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Salmonella is capable of harming human and animal health, and its multidrug resistance (MDR) has always been a public health problem. In addition, antibiotic-free or antibiotic-reduced policies have been implemented in poultry production. Therefore, the search for antibiotic alternatives is more urgent than ever before. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of star anise-cinnamon essential oil (SCEO) in vitro and its prophylactic effect against the infections of Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella give, and Salmonella kentucky in vivo. The results demonstrated that SCEO is effective against Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella give, and Salmonella kentucky in vitro. Supplementation with SCEO could significantly decrease the infections of Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella give, whereas it could slightly but not significantly decrease the infection of Salmonella kentucky, while also significantly alleviating the body weight (BW) loss caused by the infections of Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella give, and Salmonella kentucky in Yellow chickens. The SCEO had the best prophylactic effect against the infection of Salmonella give in Yellow chickens, followed by the infection of Salmonella pullorum and the infection of Salmonella kentucky. The SCEO, used as an antibiotic alternative, could be an effective prevention strategy against the infections of Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella give, and Salmonella kentucky in Yellow chickens.
Salmonella infection
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Etiology
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Abstract Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) outbreaks are uncommon in Europe. In June 2014, two EIEC outbreaks occurred in Nottingham, UK, within 2 days; outbreak A was linked to a takeaway restaurant and outbreak B to a wedding party. We conducted 2 analytical studies: a case–control study for outbreak A and a cohort study for outbreak B. We tested microbiological and environmental samples, including by using whole-genome sequencing. For both outbreaks combined, we identified 157 probable case-patients; 27 were laboratory-confirmed as EIEC O96:H19–positive. Combined epidemiologic, microbiological, and environmental findings implicated lettuce as the vehicle of infection in outbreak A, but the source of the organism remained unknown. Whole-genome sequencing identified the same organism in cases from both outbreaks, but no epidemiologic link was confirmed. These outbreaks highlight that EIEC has the capacity to cause large and severe gastrointestinal disease outbreaks and should be considered as a potential pathogen in foodborne outbreaks in Europe.
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Salmonellaは代表的な細菌性人獣共通感染症の原因菌の一つとして知られている。欧米諸国では爬虫類はペットとして人気が高く，多くの種類の爬虫類がペットとして飼育されているが，これらの爬虫類が感染源となった人のサルモネラ症が報告されている。近年，我が国でも爬虫類のペットとしての人気が高まっており，さまざまな種類の爬虫類が飼育されるようになってきているが，それに伴いこれら爬虫類に起因する人のサルモネラ症が発生しており，大きな社会問題となっている。爬虫類は高率にSalmonellaを保菌していることが知られているが，爬虫類がどのような経路でSalmonellaを保菌するのかについて検討した報告はほとんどみられず，Salmonellaを保菌するメカニズムについては明らかになっていない。本研究では，Salmonella属菌の保有率が高かったヘビ類に着目し，母ヘビ，体内の卵および孵化後の子ヘビにおけるSalmonella属菌の保有状況を調査し，分離菌株の分子遺伝学的解析を行い，菌株間の関連性を検討することで，母ヘビから子ヘビへのSalmonella属菌の垂直感染の可能性について検討した。
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Abstract The use of antimicrobials in the animal industry has increased the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant commensal bacteria in food products derived from animals, which could be associated with antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens. To reduce the influx of antibiotic resistant bacteria (and genes) to the human microbiota, restrictions on antimicrobials (in food animals) have been implemented in different countries. We investigated the impact of antimicrobial restriction in the frequency of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in pigs. No differences in antimicrobial resistance or antimicrobial resistance genes (richness or abundance) was found when we compared animals fed with and without antibiotics. Fitness costs of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (in the field) seems to be overestimated.
Resistome
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Abstract Background The origins of Ebola disease outbreaks remain enigmatic. Historically outbreaks have been attributed to spillover events from wildlife. However, recent data suggest that some outbreaks may originate from human-to-human transmission of prior outbreak strains instead of spillover. Clarifying the origins of Ebola disease outbreaks could improve detection and mitigation of future outbreaks. Methods We reviewed the origins of all Ebola disease outbreaks from 1976 to 2022 to analyze the earliest cases and characteristics of each outbreak. The epidemiology and phylogenetic relationships of outbreak strains were used to further identify the likely source of each outbreak. Results From 1976 to 2022 there were 35 Ebola disease outbreaks with 48 primary/index cases. While the majority of outbreaks were associated with wildlife spillover, resurgence of human-to-human transmission could account for roughly a quarter of outbreaks caused by Ebola virus. Larger outbreaks were more likely to lead to possible resurgence, and nosocomial transmission was associated with the majority of outbreaks. Conclusions While spillover from wildlife has been a source for many Ebola disease outbreaks, multiple outbreaks may have originated from flare-ups of prior outbreak strains. Improving access to diagnostics as well as identifying groups at risk for resurgence of ebolaviruses will be crucial to preventing future outbreaks.
Ebolavirus
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Spillover effect
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Objective To understand the characteristics of influenza-like illness(ILI) outbreaks in Yunnan province and provide evidence for the development of scientific and effective control measures.Methods The data of ILI outbreaks in Yunnan in 2009 were collected and analyzed Results Totally 72 ILI outbreaks occurred in Yunnan,resulting in 7 628 ILI cases.The attack rate ranged from 1.79% to 49.45%.The disease occurred all the year round with peak in Autumn.Twenty six outbreaks occurred in Zhaotong,Sixty eight outbreaks occurred in schools.The influenza viruses were isolated from the cases in 37 out of 54 outbreaks,including influenza H3N2 virus(in 12 outbreaks),influenza B virus(in 11 outbreaks),2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus(in 9 outbreaks) and influenza A(H1N1) virus(in 5 outbreaks).The interval between the finding of the first case and the response and the duration of epidemic was positive correlated.(r=0.896,P0.05).Conclusion More ILI outbreaks occurred in Yunnan in 2009 than in 2008,and 94% of the outbreaks occurred in schools.It is necessary to strengthen the ILI outbreak surveillance and reporting in schools and improve the sample collection and laboratory detection.
Influenza-like illness
Attack rate
Pandemic
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All outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease reported to the authorities were entered on a computer database with outbreak control teams being established to investigate larger or more significant incidents. The outbreak database and, when set up, the notes of outbreak team meetings were examined for the 279 outbreaks reported in a three-year period (2003-2005). Faeces specimens submitted as part of an outbreak were examined for microbial pathogens and the results cross-matched to the outbreak number. Almost half of the general outbreaks reported (137) occurred in long-term care facilities for the elderly, 51 outbreaks were recorded in hospitals and 31 occurred in the wider community. In 76 outbreaks no specimen was logged. A microbial cause was confirmed in about one-third of outbreaks, with noroviruses being the most common (19%). Salmonellas accounted for 12 of the 21 community outbreaks linked to social events and all were foodborne. Suggestions for improving notification and surveillance are discussed.
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Objective To analyze the surveillance results of outbreaks of influenza-like illness(ILI) in Shenzhen from 2010 to 2011,to know the epidemic trend of ILI,and to provide a scientific basis for ILI prevention and treatment. Methods The study was conducted on the surveillance data of ILI outbreaks in Shenzhen from 2010 to 2011. Results A total of 226 ILI outbreaks were reported in Shenzhen from 2010 to 2011.2,026 cases of ILI were identified during the outbreaks,with the average incidence rate of 14.2%.64 ILI outbreaks were reported in December,followed by 56 outbreaks in March and 39 outbreaks in April.201 out of 226 outbreaks were tested positive for influenza,consisting of 171 outbreaks for type B(85.0%),17 outbreaks for novel H1N1(8.5%),and 13 outbreaks for seasonal type A(6.5%). Conclusions The intensity of influenza circulation was medium during the period of 2010-2011,and the peak of influenza activity occurred in March,April and December.
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