A newly evolved rice‐specific gene JAUP1 regulates jasmonate biosynthesis and signalling to promote root development and multi‐stress tolerance
Adnan MuzaffarYi‐Shih ChenHsiang‐Ting LeeCheng‐Chieh WuTrang Thi LeJin‐Zhang LiangChun‐Hsien LuHariharan BalasubramaniamShuen‐Fang LoLin‐Chih YuChien‐Hao ChanKu‐Ting ChenLee MhYue‐Ie HsingTuan‐Hua David HoSu‐May Yu
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Summary Root architecture and function are critical for plants to secure water and nutrient supply from the soil, but environmental stresses alter root development. The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) regulates plant growth and responses to wounding and other stresses, but its role in root development for adaptation to environmental challenges had not been well investigated. We discovered a novel JA Upregulated Protein 1 gene ( JAUP1 ) that has recently evolved in rice and is specific to modern rice accessions. JAUP1 regulates a self‐perpetuating feed‐forward loop to activate the expression of genes involved in JA biosynthesis and signalling that confers tolerance to abiotic stresses and regulates auxin‐dependent root development. Ectopic expression of JAUP1 alleviates abscisic acid‐ and salt‐mediated suppression of lateral root (LR) growth. JAUP1 is primarily expressed in the root cap and epidermal cells (EPCs) that protect the meristematic stem cells and emerging LRs. Wound‐activated JA/JAUP1 signalling promotes crosstalk between the root cap of LR and parental root EPCs, as well as induces cell wall remodelling in EPCs overlaying the emerging LR, thereby facilitating LR emergence even under ABA‐suppressive conditions. Elevated expression of JAUP1 in transgenic rice or natural rice accessions enhances abiotic stress tolerance and reduces grain yield loss under a limited water supply. We reveal a hitherto unappreciated role for wound‐induced JA in LR development under abiotic stress and suggest that JAUP1 can be used in biotechnology and as a molecular marker for breeding rice adapted to extreme environmental challenges and for the conservation of water resources.Keywords:
Jasmonic acid
Lateral root
Genetically modified rice
Crosstalk
Taproot
Ectopic expression
Methyl jasmonate
Plants tightly control stomatal aperture in response to various environmental changes. A drought-inducible phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA), triggers stomatal closure and ABA signaling pathway in guard cells has been well studied. Similar to ABA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induces stomatal closure in various plant species but MeJA signaling pathway is still far from clear. Recently we found that Arabidopsis calcium dependent protein kinase CPK6 functions as a positive regulator in guard cell MeJA signaling and provided new insights into cytosolic Ca2+-dependent MeJA signaling. Here we discuss the MeJA signaling and also signal crosstalk between MeJA and ABA pathways in guard cells.
Methyl jasmonate
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Jasmonate
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By using the method of washing the roots from deep soil,all the lateral roots length of erect peanut was measured to study the principles of the roots length growth of erect peanut in deep soil.The results showed:In the seedling stage,the taproot was the longest root.From the late seedling stage to the late mature stage,the longest first order lateral root was the longest root;1st to 3rd order lateral roots were the main part of roots of erect peanut.In the mature stage,the growth trend of the taproot and the longest first order lateral root reduced obviously,neither the taproot nor the longest first order lateral root were certain to be the deepest root.
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Lateral root
Root system
Fibrous root system
Root (linguistics)
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Intracellular components in methyl jasmonate (MeJA) signaling remain largely unknown, to compare those in well-understood abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. We have reported that nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling component in MeJA-induced stomatal closure, as well as ABA-induced stomatal closure in the previous study. To gain further information about the role of NO in the guard cell signaling, NO production was examined in an ABA- and MeJA-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant, rcn1. Neither MeJA nor ABA induced NO production in rcn1 guard cells. Our data suggest that NO functions downstream of the branch point of MeJA and ABA signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells.
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Methyl jasmonate
Plant Physiology
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In taproot of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), a 23 kDa polypeptide has been recently identified as a putative vegetative storage protein (VSP) because of its accumulation during flowering and its specific mobilization to sustain grain filling when N uptake is strongly reduced. The objectives were to characterize this protein more precisely and to study the effect of environmental factors (N availability, daylength, temperature, water deficit, wounding) or endogenous signals (methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid) that might change the N source/sink relationships within the plant, and may therefore trigger its accumulation. The 23 kDa putative VSP has two isoforms, is glycosylated and both isoforms share the same N‐terminal sequence which had been used to produce specific polyclonal antibodies. Low levels of an immunoreactive protein of 24 kDa were found in leaves and flowers. In taproot, the 23 kDa putative VSP seems to accumulate only in the vacuoles of peripheral cortical parenchyma cells, around the phloem vessels. Among all treatments tested, the accumulation of this protein could only be induced by abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate. When compared to control plants, application of methyl jasmonate reduced N uptake by 89% after 15 d, induced a strong remobilization of N from senescing leaves and a concomitant accumulation of the 23 kDa putative VSP. These results suggested that, in rape, the 23 kDa protein is used as a storage buffer between N losses from senescing leaves promoted by methyl jasmonate and grain filling.
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Methyl jasmonate
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Raphanus
Glucoraphanin
Myrosinase
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Brassicaceae
Zeatin
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Stomata are formed by pairs of guard cells, which control the gaseous exchange and transpirational water loss in plants. The opening and closure of stomata are regulated by the integration of numerous environmental signals and endogenous hormonal stimuli. In response to drought stress, plants synthesize a hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), which triggers the signal transduction in the guard cells and induces stomatal closure that prevents water loss by transpiration. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a phytohormone that regulates various physiological processes and mediates plant defense responses. Similar to ABA, MeJA plays a role in the induction of stomatal closure. Glutathione (GSH; γ-glutamylcysteinyl glycine) is an abundant, ubiquitous, and non-enzymatic antioxidant that has significant functions in the growth, development, defense systems, signaling, and gene expression in plants. In recent years, many studies have shown that GSH is involved in the ABA- and MeJA-induced stomatal closure. In this study, we outline the involvement of GSH in the stomatal closure and discuss how GSH regulates ABA signaling and MeJA signaling in the guard cells.
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Plant hormone
Jasmonate
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Previous studies have suggested a role for jasmonates in the promotion of stomatal closure ([Raghavendra and Reddy, 1987][1]; [Gehring et al., 1997][2]). This report describes whole-cell patch-clamp experiments that demonstrate that methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) has concentration-dependent effects on
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For urban trees with strong taproots, a shift in root growth towards increased lateral root development could improve tree performance in compacted, poorly drained urban soils. In effort to achieve this desired shift, various propagation and production practices exist within the nursery industry. However, the effectiveness of practices used to disrupt taproot development, as well as their impact on root architecture, has been largely undocumented. To determine how seedling root systems respond to taproot growth disruption, we pruned oak seedling taproots either mechanically at 5 and/or 15 cm, or via air pruning at 15 cm. Taproot regeneration and lateral root development were evaluated after two years. Taproot pruning resulted in multiple regenerated taproots. The location and number of times the taproot(s) was pruned did not appear to alter the ultimate number. Mechanical taproot pruning did not affect lateral root development above the first pruning cut location at 5 or 15 cm, but generally increased the density of lateral roots below the pruning cut, likely due to the multiple taproots present. Most lateral roots were fine roots less than 1 mm in diameter (fine roots), being unlikely to become long-lived components of the root system architecture. The average number of lateral roots on air pruned (AP) seedlings was generally greater than on the same taproot segment of control (C) seedlings. To determine how these seedling changes impact the root regeneration of liner stock, we planted both taproot pruned and taproot air pruned seedlings in in-ground fabric bags filled with field soil (B) or directly into the field without bags (F). Root regeneration potential (RRP) at the bottom and lateral surfaces of the root ball were evaluated. There was less RRP on the lateral surface of the root ball in taproot air pruned, container-grown (CG) compared to taproot pruned, bare root (BR) bur oak liners, and there was no difference in red oak liners. The multiple taproots of mechanically pruned BR seedlings did not result in excessive taproot development as liners. In contrast, CG seedling taproots restricted by air pruning produced more regenerated taproots after transplanting. While seedling taproot growth disruption does disrupt the growth of a dominant single taproot and alters the architecture toward increasing the number of lateral roots, these practices do not result in laterally dominated root architecture at the liner stage of nursery production. Future research should determine how these production methods effect lateral root growth after a tree is established in the landscape and determine appropriate combinations of production methods for different species.
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Lateral root
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Fibrous root system
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Jasmonate
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Darkness
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