Characterization of Avian Influenza H9N2 and Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Vaccinated Chickens in Upper Egypt
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Newcastle Disease
H5N1 genetic structure
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Highly pathogenic
Traceability
H5N1 genetic structure
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Studies were made on the presence and mucinase activity of Newcastle disease virus and of the stability of this enzyme function to formalin. (1) All strains of Newcastle disease virus studied possessed mucinase activity although the rates at which they inactivated egg-white inhibitor differed greatly. (2) The rate at which egg-white inhibitor was inactivated was dependent on enzyme (virus) concentration. The concentration of egg-white inhibitor also affected the rate of its inactivation. (3) The rate of inactivation by Newcastle disease strains of virus could be correlated only with one known property—its rate of elution from red blood cells. (4) Newcastle disease virus mucinase was fairly stable to formalin.
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Summary Newcastle disease virus (Miyadera strain) can be successfully transmitted to suckling mice by the intracerebral route. Although the incubation period of Newcastle disease in mice is longest in the 1st mouse passage generation and becomes shorter with additional passage, the LD50 of virus in mice is highest when egg-adapted Newcastle disease virus is inoculated and lowest in the 1st mouse passage generation, and then it becomes higher again and constant. After passage in mice, infectivity of the virus for the chick becomes weaker; but immunization with this live virus protects chicks from infection with egg-adapted Newcastle disease virus, and their sera are positive in the hemagglutination-inhibition test and indirect complement-fixation test with egg-adapted Newcastle disease virus. The hemagglutinins from mice infected with Newcastle disease virus are demonstrated at pH 6.1, and their activities are inhibited not only by hyperimmune sera against mouse-adapted Newcastle disease virus but also by sera against the egg-adapted virus. For preparation of hyperimmune serum for use in the complement-fixation test, it is best that guinea pigs be immunized intracerebrally with allantoic fluids infected with the Newcastle disease virus. The allantoic membranes of the embryos are best suited as complement-fixing antigen. Newcastle disease virus can be transmitted in brains of guinea pigs through only a few passages. Cats also develop cerebral symptoms when they are inoculated with the virus intracerebrally.
Newcastle Disease
Complement fixation test
Infectivity
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Three different poultry products, Hubbard Broiler, Turkey and backyard sold within Erbil local markets have been tested for viral infection against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease (ND). An assay test device, Quacking AI virus antigen rapid test -based on sandwich lateral flow immune-chromatophic sensitive assay- was applied to detect the AI virus via visible T-band. The result indicated negative viral infection in all three poultry products consumed in there different parts of Erbil province: Darato, Tairawa, Qushtapa and Al-Shurta Quarter. It is concluded that the above procedure is reliable for routine survey against these diseases while further poultry products are recommended for general health check up for the safety of public consumption.
Newcastle Disease
Poultry farming
Highly pathogenic
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NEWCASTLE disease virus, California strain #11914, adapted to the Syrian hamster by Reagan, Lillie, Poelma and Brueckner (1947) (1948a) proved valuable as an immunizing agent in young chickens. Further studies by Reagan et al. (1948b) of the modified Newcastle virus prompted the following experiments to determine early immunological responses of chickens to the living hamster-adapted virus and to the living hamster-chick embryo virus. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Healthy six-week-old New Hampshire chickens from a Newcastle disease-free source, which were identified with wing bands, were used for this experiment. Serum from these birds showed no Newcastle virus neutralizing antibodies when tested by the hemagglutination-inhibition method prior to vaccination. To avoid exposure to the vaccine virus and the challenge virus, approximately 250 of the young non-vaccinated chickens which were to be used for challenge virus titrations, were not brought to the laboratory grounds until the day before respective challenges. One large group of the . . .
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Hemagglutination assay
Antibody response
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ABSTRACT Rabbits pretreated by intravenous injection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) produced high‐titered virus‐inhibiting factor (IF) or interferon in the serum upon intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin 24 hr later as compared with the IF production induced by endotoxin in rabbits without the NDV pretreatment. IF assays of different organs revealed that the NDV pretreatment rendered the spleen rather hyporeactive but other organs such as the liver, lungs and kidneys hyperreactive to the subsequent IF induction by endotoxin. The enhanced IF titer observed in the serum seems to be the summation of IF released from various organs rendered hyporeactive or hyperreactive by the NDV pretreatment. It is postulated that the late‐appearing, heat‐ and acid‐stable IF and the early‐appearing, heat‐ and acid‐labile IF are produced by different processes in different types of cells. The production of early IF consists of two steps, formation of “preinterferon” and conversion of preinterferon to early IF. Preinterferon formation is induced by virus but not by endotoxin, while the conversion of preinterferon to early IF is effected by both endotoxin and virus. The formation of late IF is induced only by virus, taking a one‐step process. This hypothesis seems to explain the findings in the present study.
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High-pathogenicity (HP) avian influenza (AI) virus of the H5N1 subtype has caused an unprecedented epizootic in birds within nine Asian countries/regions since it was first reported in 1996. Vaccination has emerged as a tool for use in managing the infection in view of future eradication. This study was undertaken to determine whether two divergent H5N2 commercial vaccine strains, one based on a European and the other a North American low-pathogenicity AI virus, could protect chickens against a recent Asian H5N1 HPAI virus. The North American and European vaccine viruses had 84 and 91% deduced amino acid sequence similarity to the HA1 segment of haemagglutinin protein of Indonesia H5N1 HPAI challenge virus, respectively. Both vaccine strains provided complete protection from clinical signs and death. The vaccines reduced the number of chickens infected and shedding virus from the respiratory and intestinal tracts at the peak of virus replication. In addition, the quantity of virus shed was reduced by 104 to 105 median embryo infectious doses. The use of specific neuraminidase inhibition tests allowed identification of infected chickens within the vaccinated groups. These data indicate that the currently available H5 vaccines of European and North American lineages will protect chickens against the Asian H5N1 HPAI virus and reduce environmental contamination by the H5N1 HPAI virus. They will be an adjunct to biosecurity measures to reduce virus transmission. Les vaccins inactivés à virus influenza aviaire H5N2 européen et nord américain protègent les poulets contre le virus influenza aviaire H5N1 asiatique hautement pathogène Le virus influenza aviaire (AI) hautement pathogène (HP) de sous type H5N1 a causé une épizootie sans précédent chez les oiseaux de neuf régions/pays asiatiques depuis sa première déclaration en 1996. La vaccination est apparue comme un outil à utiliser pour contrôler l'infection en vue de son éradication future. Cette étude a été entreprise pour déterminer si deux souches divergentes H5N2, de vaccins du commerce, dérivées de virus AI de faible pathogénicité l'un européen et l'autre nord américain, pouvaient protéger les poulets contre un virus asiatique récent HPAI H5N1. Les virus vaccinaux nord américain et européen avaient une séquence déduite en acides aminés qui présentait respectivement 84% et 91% de similarité au niveau du segment HA1 de la protéine de l'hémagglutinine avec le virus d'épreuve HPAI H5N1 indonésien. Les deux souches vaccinales ont conféré une protection complète au regard des symptômes et de la mortalité. Les vaccins ont réduit le nombre de poulets infectés et la diffusion du virus à partir des tractus respiratoire et intestinal, au pic de réplication du virus. De plus, la quantité de virus diffusé a été réduite de 104–5 doses infectieuses 50 pour l'embryon (EID50). L'utilisation de tests d'inhibition spécifiques de la neuraminidase a permis l'identification de poulets infectés au sein des groupes vaccinés. Ces données indiquent que les vaccins H5 actuellement disponibles des lignages européen et nord américain protègent les poulets contre le virus HPAI H5N1 asiatique et réduisent la contamination environnementale par le virus HPAI H5N1. Ils représentent un complément aux mesures de biosécurité pour réduire la transmission du virus. Inaktivierte Vakzine mit nordamerikanischem oder europäischem H5N2 aviärem Influenzavirus schützen Hühner vor dem hochpathogenen asiatischen H5N1 aviären Influenzavirus Hochpathogenes (HP) aviäres Influenza (AI)-Virus des H5N1 Subtyps hat seit der Erstbeschreibung im Jahr 1996 eine noch nie da gewesene Epizootie bei Vögeln in neun asiatischen Ländern/Regionen hervorgerufen. Die Vakzination hat sich als ein Mittel zur Bekämpfung der Infektion im Hinblick auf die spätere Eradikation erwiesen. Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um festzustellen, ob zwei verschiedene kommerzielle H5N2-Vakzinestämme, einer basierend auf einem europäischen und der andere auf einem nordamerikanischen schwach pathogenen AI-Virus, Hühner gegen das neue asiatische H5N1-HPAI-Virus schützen kann. Das nordamerikanische und das europäische Vakzinevirus hatten eine 84- bzw. 91 %ige Übereinstimmung der Aminosäurensequenz mit dem HA1-Segment des Hämagglutininproteins des indonesischen H5N1-HPAI-Challengevirus. Beide Vakzinestämme schützten vollständig vor Erkrankung und Tod. Zum Zeitpunkt der größten Virusvermehrung reduzierten die Vakzinen die Anzahl der infizierten und damit die Anzahl der über den Respirations- und Intestinaltrakt virusausscheidenden Hühner. Außerdem wurde die Quantität der Virusausscheidung um 104–5 Embryo infektiöse Dosen50 (EID50) vermindert. Die Anwendung von Neuraminidaseinhibitionstests erlaubte die Identifizierung infizierter Hühner innerhalb der vakzinierten Gruppen. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die zur Zeit verfügbaren H5-Vakzinen europäischer und nordamerikanischer Herkunft Hühner gegen das asiatische H5N1-HPAI-Virus schützen und die Kontamination der Umgebung mit diesem Virus reduzieren können. Sie können eine Unterstützung der Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zur Reduktion der Virusübertragung sein. Vacunas de virus inactivados de Influenza Aviar H5N2 de América del norte y Europa protegen a los pollos frente al Virus de Influenza Aviar de Alta Patogenicidad H5N2 de Asia El virus de influenza aviar (AI) de alta patogenicidad (HP) del subtipo H5N1 ha causado una epizootía sin precedentes en aves de nueve países/regiones Asiáticos desde su primera descripción en 1996. La vacunación se ha convertido en una herramienta en uso para el control de la infección en vistas de una futura erradicación. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar si dos cepas vacunales H5N2 distintas, una basada en una cepa Europea y la otra en una cepa Norte Americana del virus AI de baja patogenicidad,, podían proteger a pollos frente al virus asiático H5N1 HPAI. Los virus vacunales de Norte América y Europa mostraban un 84% y 91% de similitud en las secuencias aminoacídicas deducidas respecto el segmento HA1 de la proteína de la hemaglutinina del virus campo de Indonesia H5N1 HPAI, respectivamente. Ambas cepas vacunales proporcionaron protección completa frente a signos clínicos y mortalidad. Las vacunas redujeron el número de pollos infectados y la excreción de virus vía tracto respiratorio e intestinal en el momento de máxima replicación viral. Además, la cantidad de virus excretado se redujo hasta 104–5 dosis infectivas embrionarias medias (EID50). El uso de pruebas específicas de inhibición de la neuraminidasa permitió la identificación de las aves infectadas en los grupos vacunados. Estos resultados indican que las vacunas H5 disponibles actualmente, procedentes de líneas Europeas y Norte Americanas protegerán a los pollos frente al virus H5N1 HPAI Asiático y reducirán la contaminación del medio por este virus. Estas vacunas podrán sumarse a las medidas de bioseguridad para reducir la transmisión vírica.
H5N1 genetic structure
Inactivated vaccine
Highly pathogenic
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Since 1997,goose Newcastle disease virus (GNDV) infection has been one of serious diseases in goose flocks. The monoclonal antibody against NDV fusion protein was used to establish an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to rapidly detect the infection of GNDV. This method was specific and showed no cross reaction with infectious bursal disease virus,Marek′s disease virus and gosling plague virus. 100 TCID50 GNDV were used to infect chicken embryo fibroblast cells which were detected at 18 h post-infection by IFA. Compared with the cumbersome RT-PCR and virus identification,IFA showed the characteristic of rapid,simple and good specification in detection of GNDV infection and had a good application prospect.
Newcastle Disease
Flock
Infectious bursal disease
Immunofluorescence
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Human influenza
H5N1 genetic structure
Highly pathogenic
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