Drip irrigation reduces the toxicity of heavy metals to soybean: By moving heavy metals out of the root zone and improving physiological metabolism
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Excessive heavy metal content in soil can seriously hinder plant physiological metabolism and growth. This study, with soybean, examined how drip irrigation reduced heavy metal toxicity. The drip irrigation experiments with four irrigation frequencies were conducted by controlling the lower limit of the soil matric potential (D1: −10 kPa; D2: −20 kPa; D3: −30 kPa; D4: −40 kPa). Through comparison with traditional surface irrigation, the effects of drip irrigation on heavy metal distribution, soybean growth status, physiological metabolism and transcriptome under Cd, Pb and Cr(VI) composite pollution were comprehensively analyzed. The results show that (i) The Cd, Pb and Cr(IV) in soil migrated away from the plant under drip irrigation, thereby reducing the inhibition of heavy metal stress on soybean growth at the root, among which D1 had the best improvement effect on soybean growth. (ii) Drip irrigation improved the resistance of soybean to heavy metal stress, and promoted the transport and fixation of free Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cr6+ in cells, thereby reducing the damage of oxidative stress and heavy metal ions to cell structure. (iii) Drip irrigation was conducive to the energy supply and protein stability of cell physiological metabolism, which helped the improvement of soybean physiological activity. Overall, compared with surface irrigation, drip irrigation reduced the toxicity of heavy metals to soybeans by moving heavy metals out of the root zone and enhancing physiological activity. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the application of drip irrigation technology in the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution, and provide a new strategy for the safe production of agriculture.Keywords:
Metal Toxicity
This paper discussed the three main application models of drip irrigation at present, namely greenhouse, orchard and farmland drip irrigation. The author also expounded the four advantages of drip irrigation, particularized the restricting factors in the process of spreading drip irrigation, introduced the producing ability of domestic drip irrigation equipment producer, and analyzed the demand trend of future drip irrigation market. Some advises for future spreading drip irrigation were put forward in the end.
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The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of border,drip and sprinkler irrigation patterns on tomato in sunlight greenhouse.The results showed that drip irrigation saved 70.0% water than that of border irrigation in a growth season,relative humidity of the air lowered 10 percentage points,first flowering dates advanced 4 d earlier than that of border irrigation and 3 d earlier than that of sprinkler irrigation.The yield of drip irrigation treatment increased 6.9% and 10.7% than that of border irrigation and sprinkler irrigation,respectively.
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In this paper,the regulation effect of subsurface drip irrigation on the growth of tomato plants is researched after carrying out a 3-year field experiment.The irrigation ways included the surface drip irrigation(DI) and subsurface drip irrigation(SDI),the field moisture capacities of(80 ± 5) %,(60 ± 5) % and(40 ± 5) %(DI1,DI2 and DI3) in soil depth of 0-60 cm were designed for the surface drip irrigation,and SDI1,SDI2 and SDI3 for the subsurface drip irrigation.The results show that the effects of both surface drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation on the biomass and length density of tomato roots were not significant after florescence,but significantly increased at full bearing stage under subsurface drip irrigation,and the distribution of tomato roots under subsurface irrigation was obviously evener than that under surface drip irrigation.The growth of overground part of tomato plants under deficient subsurface drip irrigation(SDI2 and SDI3) was obviously lower than that under deficient surface drip irrigation(DI2 and DI3) after florescence,but the situation was contrary at full bearing stage.For the moderate drought,the fruit weight,fruit number and water utilization efficiency under subsurface drip irrigation were obviously higher that that under surface drip irrigation.For the sufficient soil moisture content,there was no significant difference in the growth of tomato plants and tomato yield between subsurface drip irrigation and surface drip irrigation;for slight drought,however,subsurface drip irrigation promoted significantly the growth of roots and overground part of tomato plants,and both the water utilization efficiency and tomato yield were obviously increased.
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Micro irrigation, earlier known as Drip or Trickle irrigation is a highly efficient method of water application. It developed and expanded globally at a fast rate in the last two decades in more than 35 countries with maximum coverage in the United States and India is not too far from it, it is also developing these types of systems. This is most appropriately applicable to widely spaced crops such as fruits, vegetables, and field crops. Its different variations consist of a surface trickle, bubbler, micro sprinkler, spray, mechanical move, pulse, subsurface drip, all of which are covered under a single term Microirrigation.
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TRICKLE
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The purpose is to study the technological parameters of the developed drip outlet to improve the drip irrigation systems effi ciency. The studies to determine the main design specifi cations of the improved drip outlet were carried out in laboratory conditions.
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Subsurface drip irrigation is an efficient high-tech for water-saving irrigation in the modern times.According to many years of practical application of the subsurface drip irrigation at home and abroad,some experiences are summarized,including the choose of the drip tape,decision of suitable burying depth of drip tape,and so on,which is helpful to the further application and spread of subsurface drip irrigation technology.
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A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2008-10 at the farm of Central Tobacco Research Institute, Regional Station, Vedasandur to find out the suitability of drip irrigation for chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Drip daily and alternate day drip at 50, 75 and 100% ETc along with furrow irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio and conventional method of irrigation were tested in a randomized block design with three replications. The first grade leaf yield (FGLY) with daily drip at 100% ETc was comparable with alternate day drip at 100% ETc. The yield recorded with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 2.54 and 2.48 t/ha respec- tively. The FGLY increase with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 14 and 11% re- spectively, over the conventional method of irrigation. Total cured leaf yield (TCLY) with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc increased by 10 and 8% respectively, over the conventional method of irriga- tion. The TCLY recorded with daily drip and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 3.43 and 3.37 t/ha respectively. Chewing quality scores were higher (69 out of 80) with daily drip and alternate day drip at 100% ETc over the con- ventional method of irrigation. Water use efficiency (WUE) was higher (9.9513.8 kg/ha-mm) with drip treatments as against 4.74 to 8.62 kg/ha-mm with surface irrigation. Nicotine content increased (2.442.46 %) and reducing sugars decreased (2.613.21%) with drip daily and alternate day drip at 50% ETc. Net returns with drip irrigation daily at 100% ETc ( 69,800/ha) and alternate day drip at 100% ETc ( 67,600/ha) are comparable. Though drip daily and alternate day drip at 100% ETc recorded comparable cured leaf yield and net returns, considering the labour availability and feasibility, it could be concluded that alternate day drip at 100% ETc would be sufficient for higher productivity, profitability, better chewing quality and lamina chemical quality .
Surface irrigation
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A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2008–10 at the farm of Central Tobacco Research Institute, Regional Station, Vedasandur to find out the suitability of drip irrigation for chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Drip daily and alternate day drip at 50, 75 and 100% ETc along with furrow irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio and conventional method of irrigation were tested in a randomized block design with three replications. The first grade leaf yield (FGLY) with daily drip at 100% ETc was comparable with alternate day drip at 100% ETc. The yield recorded with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 2.54 and 2.48 t/ha respectively. The FGLY increase with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 14 and 11% respectively, over the conventional method of irrigation. Total cured leaf yield (TCLY) with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc increased by 10 and 8% respectively, over the conventional method of irrigation. The TCLY recorded with daily drip and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 3.43 and 3.37 t/ha respectively. Chewing quality scores were higher (69 out of 80) with daily drip and alternate day drip at 100% ETc over the conventional method of irrigation. Water use efficiency (WUE) was higher (9.95–13.8 kg/ha-mm) with drip treatments as against 4.74 to 8.62 kg/ha-mm with surface irrigation. Nicotine content increased (2.44–2.46%) and reducing sugars decreased (2.61–3.21%) with drip daily and alternate day drip at 50% ETc. Net returns with drip irrigation daily at 100% ETc (69,800/ha) and alternate day drip at 100% ETc (67,600/ha) are comparable. Though drip daily and alternate day drip at 100% ETc recorded comparable cured leaf yield and net returns, considering the labour availability and feasibility, it could be concluded that alternate day drip at 100% ETc would be sufficient for higher productivity, profitability, better chewing quality and lamina chemical quality.
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In this paper,the drip irrigation style and the interval of field pipe of drip irrigation adequate to the local situation are drawn out primarily,through the experiment comparision between the subsurface and surface drip irrigation.Then the conclusion is drawn out that the subsurface drip irrigation is fitted to the local situation and the interval of field pipe is 120～160cm.To compare with the surface drip irrigation,the subsurface drip irrigation increases the yield by 10%～18%.
Surface irrigation
Low-flow irrigation systems
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