Effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines during pregnancy and postpartum among Bangladeshi mother–child pairs
Towfida Jahan SiddiquaEvana AkhtarMd. Ahsanul HaqSeterah Shahab-FerdowsDaniela HampelSharmin IslamTahmeed AhmedLindsay H. AllenRubhana Raqib
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There is limited research to determine whether vitamin B12 (B12) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation is protective against oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines and whether this effect is transferred to breastfed infants via milk. In addition, associations among maternal plasma/ milk and infant B12 status and immune function markers are poorly characterized.Keywords:
Proinflammatory cytokine
Patients with unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have persistently elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs and circulation and increased rates of bacterial infections. Phagocytic cells hyperactivated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which induces high levels of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytic cells, are inefficient in killing ingested bacteria despite having intact phagocytic activity. On the other hand, phagocytic cells that are activated with an analogue of LPS that does not induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines effectively ingest and kill bacteria. We hypothesized that in the presence of high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, bacteria may adapt and utilize cytokines to their growth advantage. To test our hypothesis, we primed a human monocytic cell line (U937) with escalating concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 and with LPS. These cells were then exposed to fresh isolates of three common nosocomial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and an Acinetobacter sp. In human monocytes primed with lower concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (10 to 250 pg) or LPS (1 and 10 ng), intracellular bacterial growth decreased. However, when human monocytes were primed with higher concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (1 to 10 ng) or LPS (1 to 10 micrograms), intracellular growth of the tested bacteria increased significantly (P <0.0001). These results were reproduced with peripheral blood monocytes obtained from normal healthy volunteers. The specificity of the cytokine activity was demonstrated by neutralizing the cytokines with specific antibodies. Our findings provide a possible mechanism to explain the frequent development of bacterial infections in patients with an intense and protracted inflammatory response.
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Μελέτη της πολυπαραγοντικής αναλγησίας στο μετεγχειρητικό πόνο μετά από λαπαροσκοπική χολοκυστεκτομή
Σκοπός:Ο βασικός σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν να ελεγχθεί αν ο συνδυασμός γκαμπαπεντίνης (600mg 4ώρες προεγχειρητικά, 600mg 24ώρες μετά), κεταμίνης (0.3mg/kg πριν την αναισθησία), λορνοξικάμης (8mg πριν την αναισθησία και 8mg/12ώρες) και τοπικής έγχυσης ροπιβακαΐνης (5ml 7.5% στα σημεία εισόδου των trocar) έχει καλύτερη αναλγητική δράση σε σχέση με το καθένα από αυτά τα φάρμακα ξεχωριστά τις πρώτες 24 ώρες μετά από λαπαροσκοπική χολοκυστεκτομή. Δευτερεύων σκοπός ήταν να εξετασθεί αν αυτός συνδυασμός έχει λιγότερες επιπλοκές σχετιζόμενες με την κατανάλωση οπιοειδών.Μέθοδος:Διεξήχθη μία ελεγχόμενη τυχαιοποιημένη μελέτη σε 2 νοσηλευτικά κέντρα. 148 ασθενείς ηλικίας 18-70 ετών κατανεμήθηκαν τυχαία σε 6 ομάδες (28 σε κάθε ομάδα) με τη χρήση λογισμικού: A (γκαμπαπεντίνη/κεταμίνη/λορνοξικάμη/ροπιβακαΐνη), B (γκαμπαπεντίνη/placebo/placebo/placebo), Γ (placebo/κεταμίνη/placebo/placebo), Δ (placebo/placebo/λορνοξικάμη/placebo), E (placebo/placebo/placebo/ροπιβακαΐνη) και ΣΤ (placebo/placebo/placebo/placebo). Μόνο ο κύριος ερευνητής γνώριζε την ομάδα κάθε ασθενούς και παρείχε τα φάρμακα και τα εικονικά φάρμακα σε καλυμμένες προγεμισμένες σύριγγες. Η κύρια έκβαση της μελέτης ήταν η 24ωρη κατανάλωση μορφίνης. Δευτερεύουσες εκβάσεις ήταν η συχνότητα των σχετιζόμενων με τα οπιοειδή επιπλοκών (ναυτία, έμετος, καταστολή, κνησμός και δυσκολία ούρησης).Αποτελέσματα:Μόνο οι ομάδες Α (6.4mg), B (9.46mg) και Δ (9.36mg) είχαν χαμηλότερη κατανάλωση μορφίνης σε σχέση με την ομάδα ελέγχου (20.29mg) (p<0.001, p=0.01 και p=0.008 αντίστοιχα). Η ομάδα Α δε διέφερε από τις ομάδες Β και Δ (p=0.92, p=0.93). Υπήρξε διαφορά μόνο στα επεισόδια ναυτίας και μόνο μεταξύ των ομάδων Α (n=5) και της ομάδας ελέγχου (n=12) (p=0.018). Συμπεράσματα:Ο συνδυασμός γκαμπαπεντίνης, κεταμίνης, λορνοξικάμης, και τοπικής έγχυσης ροπιβακαΐνης δεν έχει ισχυρότερη αναλγητική δράση σε σχέση με μόνη την γκαμπαπεντίνη ή τη λορνοξικάμη μετά από λαπαροσκοπική χολοκυστεκτομή. Ο συνδυασμός μειώνει μόνο τη συχνότητα της μετεγχειρητικής ναυτίας αλλά απαιτούνται μεγαλύτερες μελέτες για την εξαγωγή ασφαλών συμπερασμάτων.
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Proinflammatory cytokines traditionally thought to be derived exclusively from the immune system and were therefore considered to be primarily responsible for initiating inflammatory in the myocardium. The effects of Proinflammatory Cytokines in the heart were discussed.
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Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1) have been found to be elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and in plasma from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In order to measure the balance of proinflammatory cytokines and their inhibitors, we quantified the upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) induced by ARDS BAL fluids in human alveolar type II-like (A459) cells, and defined proinflammatory activity as the amount of ICAM-1 induced by the SAL fluids. Proinflammatory activity was detected in 77% of the SAL fluids sampled during the first week of ARDS, was found maximal during the 3 first days after onset of ARDS, and was significantly greater than in BAL specimens from at risk patients. Blocking experiments with specific inhibitors of TNF and IL-1 added to the BAL fluids indicated that the bioactivity measured was mainly due to IL-1. In contrast, proinflammatory activity of conditioned supernates from endotoxin-treated alveolar macrophages was mostly due to TNF. Using a bioassay that measures balance of cytokines with their inhibitors, our results indicate that the net proinflammatory activity in ARDS BAL fluids is attributable to IL-1 and not to TNF.
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Abstract Objectives The study was to explore the influence of microRNA (miR)-345-3p on proinflammatory cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods A total of 32 RA patients and 32 healthy patients were enrolled. Proinflammatory factors in patients’ serum were detected by ELISA, and miR-345-3p was detected by RT-qPCR. The correlation between miR-345-3p expression and proinflammatory factors in RA patients was analyzed. The diagnostic value of miR-345-3p and proinflammatory factors in RA patients was analyzed by receiver operating curve diagnosis. The predictive value of miR-345-3p levels and proinflammatory factors in RA patients was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression. HFLS-RA and HFLS cells were cultured, in which miR-345-3p and proinflammatory cytokines were detected by RT-qPCR. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Results MiR-345-3p was lowly expressed in the serum of RA patients. MiR-345-3p and proinflammatory factors were of diagnostic and predictive values in RA. Elevated miR-345-3p restrained the production of proinflammatory factors of HFLS-RA cells, improved cell proliferation, and reduced apoptosis. Conclusion MiR-345-3p is a potential biomarker and ameliorates RA by reducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines.
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The brain's response to ischemic injury is an acute and long-term inflammatory process. This process involves activation of resident cells (mainly microglia, hematogenous macrophages), production of proinflammatory mediators and infiltration of various proinflammatory cells (mainly neutrophils and lymphocytes). These cells play an essential role in ischemic brain tissue by releasing either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory mediators at different time points. However, the exact pathogenesis of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory genes in this process has not yet been elucidated. This review aims to investigate the inflammatory process of stroke, especially the role of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes in the pathogenesis of stroke. We also summarize the current clinical trials of drugs that target the inflammatory mechanism for intervention.
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Enhanced pain is a component of the 'sickness response' which is an evolutionarily adaptive constellation of responses that enhance the survival of the host. Proinflammatory cytokines mediate these sickness behaviors, and whether proinflammatory cytokines are involved in exaggerated pain has become an intriguing question. Studies suggest that spinal cord glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) are activated in conditions that lead to enhanced pain. Not only is glial activation associated with enhanced pain, but it is also integral to the induction and maintenance of these pain states. Proinflammatory cytokines can be released by activated astrocytes and microglia within the central nervous system. This review will discuss the role of proinflammatory cytokines in experimental models of prolonged pain states. Administration of exogenous proinflammatory cytokines facilitates pain, and agents that antagonize proinflammatory cytokine actions have been shown to block and/or reverse enhanced pain. These findings suggest that blocking the synthesis and/or release of proinflammatory cytokines may be viable strategies for the treatment of pathological pain. Gene therapy to augment the endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10, is one of the more promising therapies currently under study.
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Proinflammatory reaction by the body occurs acutely in response to injury that is considered primarily beneficial. However, sustained proinflammatory cytokines observed with chronic pathologies such as metabolic syndrome, cancer, and arthritis are detrimental and in many cases is a major cardiovascular risk factor. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) have long been implicated in cardiovascular risk and considered to be a major underlying cause for heart failure (HF). The failure of the anti-TNFα therapy for HF indicates our elusive understanding on the dichotomous role of proinflammatory cytokines on acutely beneficial effects versus long-term deleterious effects. Despite these well-described observations, less is known about the mechanistic underpinnings of proinflammatory cytokines especially TNFα in pathogenesis of HF. Increasing evidence suggests the existence of an active cross-talk between the TNFα receptor signaling and G-protein-coupled receptors such as β-adrenergic receptor (βAR). Given that βARs are the key regulators of cardiac function, the review will discuss the current state of understanding on the role of proinflammatory cytokine TNFα in regulating βAR function.
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