Bavaria Buildings - A Novel Dataset for Building Footprint Extraction, Instance Segmentation, and Data Quality Estimation
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Bavaria Buildings is a large, analysis-ready dataset providing openly available co-registered 40cm aerial imagery of Upper Bavaria paired with building footprint information. The Bavaria Buildings dataset (BBD) contains 18205 orthophotos of 2500 × 2500 pixels, where each pixel covers 40cm × 40cm in space (Digitales Orthophoto 40cm - DOP40). The dataset has been pre-processed and co-registered and also provides a set of 5.5 million image tiles of 250 × 250 pixels ready for deep learning and image analysis tasks. For each image tile, we provide two segmentation masks; one based on the official building footprints (Hausumringe) data as published by the Free State of Bavaria and one based on a historic OpenStreetMap (OSM) extract dating to 2021. The dataset is ready for essential analysis tasks, such as detection, segmentation, instance extraction, footprint geometry extraction, multimodal localization, and multimodal data quality assessment of buildings in Bavaria. We plan to update the dataset with each major re-publication of the upstream data sources to foster change detection research in the future. The BBD is available at https://doi.org/10.14459/2023mp1709451.Keywords:
Orthophoto
Footprint
A new method using multidimensional change template analysis guided by GIS knowledge is proposed in this paper. The new method combine the use of quad-tree change detection template and GIS knowledge. It has been used to detect change among different temporal digital orthophoto maps (DOM) and then update image database. Test results show that this method is effective reliable and robust in many cases.
Orthophoto
Tree (set theory)
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Based on DMC aerial photographs,the production procedures and technology route for making digital orthophoto map from all-digital photogrammetry system were introduced,some technical requirements about the outside industry and aerial triangulation solution were outlined,the feasibility for using DMC images to produce large scale orthophotos were discussed,and finally,some problems in the actual production process were pointed out.
Orthophoto
Aerial image
Aerial Survey
Aerial photography
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The International Orthophoto Experiment 1972-76 has been carried out under the auspices of ISP Working Group II-4. The orthophotos and the relevant height information were produced by the manufacturers of the ten different orthophoto instruments used in the experiment. The measurements and the subsequent analysis were done at the National Research Council of Canada. The paper describes the various phases of the experiment and the results of the analysis of the geometrical quality of orthophotos and height data. The orthophoto image transfer and electronic image transfer is compared. Information on the time which was needed for the various orthophoto production stages is included.
Orthophoto
Benchmarking
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In this study, we generated an orthophoto with both LIDAR data and aerial images and compared it with that generated from only the images. For the accuracy assessment of these orthophotos, we performed not only qualitative analysis based on visual inspection but also quantitative analysis by measuring horizontal inconsistency, boundary coordinates and similarity measures on buildings. Based on the visual inspection and horizontal inconsistency, the orthophoto based on LIDAR DSM appeared to be more closer to a true-orthophoto. However, the analysis on measurements of boundary coordinates and similarity measures indicates that the orthophoto based on LIDAR DSM is more vulnerable to double mapping on occluded areas. Accordingly, if we apply an effective solution on double mapping or use only the central areas of the aerial images where occluded areas are rarely founded, we can generate automatically true-orthophotos based on a LIDAR DSM.
Orthophoto
Similarity (geometry)
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This paper aims to assess the geometric accuracy of large-scale digital orthophoto produced from aerial photography in the project area. Since accuracy assessment of digital orthophotos is a complicated issue some main factors and parameters that affect digital orthophoto accuracy are briefly explained and discussed throughout the study. For this aim it is investigated the accuracy of digital orthophotos produced in a project for large scale (i.e. 1/1000) digital photogrammetric map and orthophoto production in Kocaeli city. The estimated orthophoto accuracies in the project were found to be quite adequate and acceptable according to the national and international standards. The results also serve for a crucial approach for the usability and cost efficiency of digital orthophoto imagery for the production of large scale national standard maps.
Orthophoto
Aerial photography
Aerial Survey
Digital surface
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Orthophotos have been used extensively in many applications today. In an attempt to map the earth’s surface in a shortest possible time and provide information for monitoring and planning, Orthophotos have proved reliable as far as these are concerned. Orthophotos are one of the most important base layers of data for GIS systems. The use of Orthophotos in a GIS often implies seamless image data. The major advantage of Orthophotos is their ability to be produced in a short time to provide up-to-date information for urgent planning. They are also produced at a less expensive production price than line or vector maps. The need therefore for quick and reliable data for many rising applications has led to the development in this technology and hence finding ways to make it better in terms of its appearance (radiometric enhancements) and geometric accuracy.This paper looks at the creation of an Orthophoto and enumerates the factors that ensure the geometric accuracy of the Orthophoto. Users of Orthophotos must understand that to make measurements on an Orthophoto, oneneeds to know the quality of the underlying surface description since this affects the geometric accuracy of the Orthophoto. In this paperthe geometric accuracy with which an orthophoto is produced is analysed.Accuracies during theorientation of the input image and scanning resolution of the scanned image and accuracy at DTMsstage are considered in this paper. Keywords: Orthophoto, geometric accuracy, orientation and DTM.
Orthophoto
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Based on description some features of DMC aerial photographs,this thesis expounds application of digital photogrammetry system into the production flow and the achievement of technical lines of making digital orthophoto map,discusses some technical requirements about the field work and aerial triangulation solution,illustrating the feasibility that using the DMC images to make large-scale orthophoto production.Finally,the thesis illustrates,by the example,that the process is feasible using DMC image to make large-scale orthophoto map.
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Aerial image
Work flow
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Summary Digital orthophoto mapping is a new progressive mapping method employed in some world states since 1993. Technological scheme of digital orthophoto mapping (Fig 1) has been already developed. The digital orthophoto map of small VGTU area (≈5 km2) was compiled at Warsaw Institute of Geodesy and Cartography using aerial photography made by Norwegian AB FW. The accuracy investigation of digital orthophoto maps is presented in the paper. The quality of orthophoto maps is defined by such parameters: flying height, aerial photo scanning techniques, existing geodetic control, aerial triangulation, digital terrain model and orthophoto map generation. An approach for digital orthophoto map accuracy evaluation used by R. Kaczynski, J. Ziorbo in determination accuracy of digital relief model and orthophoto generation (1,2) is suggested. Data of orthophoto map accuracy of VGTU area (pixel size 0,5 m) are presented. Also the accuracy of orthophoto map was investigated according to distance discrepancies gained...
Orthophoto
Aerial photography
Raised-relief map
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The quality of orthoimages mainly depends on the elevation information and exterior orientation (EO) parameters. Since LiDAR data directly provides the elevation information over the earth’s surface including buildings and trees, the concept of true orthorectification has been rapidly developed and implemented. If a LiDAR-driven digital surface model (DSM) is used for orthorectification, the displacements caused by trees and buildings are effectively removed when compared with the conventional orthoimages processed with a digital elevation model (DEM). This study utilized LiDAR data to generate orthorectified digital aerial images. Experimental orthoimages were produced using digital terrain model (DTM) and DSM. For the preparation of orthorectification, EO components, one of the inputs for orthorectification, were adjusted with the ground control points (GCPs) collected from the LiDAR point data, and the ground points were extracted by a filtering method used in a previous research. The orthoimage generated by DSM corresponded more closely to non-ground LiDAR points than the orthoimage produced by DTM.
Orthophoto
Digital surface
Elevation (ballistics)
Aerial image
Aerial Survey
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There are many important links in the production process of Aerial Photos Digital Orthophoto Map,and they all determine the final quality of Aerial Photos Digital Orthophoto Map.According to practical experience in the Survey and Mapping production,the author discussed the content and method of quality inspection for 1︰50000 Aerial Photos Digital Orthophoto Map.
Orthophoto
Aerial Survey
Aerial photos
Aerial photography
Aerial image
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