Spatial variation and potential ecological risk assessment of trace elements in the sediments of Chaohu Lake in China
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Chaohu is a large freshwater lake. It plays an essential part in agriculture, life, and part of the industry. This study analyzed the heavy metals contents of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in sediments of the Chaohu Lake using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The distribution of some potential hazardous trace element in Chaohu Lake in the order as Zn (44.04 mg kg−1)>Cu (28.62 mg kg−1)>Cr (27.39 mg kg−1)>Pb (16.71 mg kg−1)≈Ni (16.22 mg kg−1)>As (5.89 mg kg−1)>Cd (0.14 mg kg−1)>Hg (0.04 mg kg−1). The results indicated that the selected heavy metals in the lake were practically uncontaminated, and the levels of selected potential hazardous elements varied from different sampling sites. Correlation analysis indicated that the selected potential hazardous element pollutant has co-contamination also occurs in sediments. However, in the center of Chaohu Lake, the primary contributor to the ecological risk was Cd (41%) and Hg (40%). Based on the PERI, the total potential ecological risk of selected heavy metals in the sediments of Chaohu Lake was light-contaminated.Keywords:
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Variation (astronomy)
Firstly,according to variation contents,the paper divides variation into operating range variation,construction condition variation,design variation,construction variation and technique standards variation. Contraposing to different content variation,the paper puts forward dissimilar control methods. According to the property of project variation,the paper divides variation into fatal variation,important variation and general variation,and points out that we can control variation effectively by establishing dissimilar authority of project variation examination and approval. Finally,according to the urgency of variation,the paper divides variation into variation under urgent circumstance and variation under not urgent circumstance,and puts forward that we can control these variation by different procedure.
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AbstractThe names of 1024 American automobiles are analyzed according to register variation, diachronic variation and manufacturer variation. Variation through such linguistic means as structural complexity, metonymy and iconicity is shown to not only reflect social realities of automobile producers and consumers but to actively contribute to constructing these realities as well.
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Variation is an important issue of sociolinguistics.According to the variation view of sociolinguistics,grammatical items change under the influence of social factors.Compared with the research on phonetic variation,the research on grammatical variation is weaker.This article presents a review of the literature both at home and abroad on grammatical or syntactic variation.Some propositions for Chinese researchers on grammatical or syntactic variation are put forward at the end of the paper.
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Sociolinguistics
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Abstract When intra-individual variation in language use is discussed it tends to be seen as not having much significance. The recognizability of the relation of variants to each other is (usually tacitly) acknowledged; intra-individual variation is often attributed to influence across different varieties of the language in question (and, in L2 variation, also across languages); in addition such variation is frequently seen as a concomitant of the way in which the given linguistic feature develops. None of these commentaries actually has much to do with randomness ; all seem to relate to identifiable complexes of correlation. The present article begins by exploring how the concept of randomness is to be understood and defined. It proceeds to explore the relationship of intra-individual linguistic variation to the recognizability of the connections between variables, to cross-varietal influence and to acquisitional trajectories. It probes the question of whether, in the light of the putatively explanatory factors for intra-individual variation considered, much room remains for its treatment as straightforwardly random.
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Variation occurs when a language has two or more ways of achieving the same communicative goal. Cases of variation have been approached in very different ways by two different groups of linguists. Variationists assume that variation is natural and common. On this view, change is due to naturally occurring variation interacting with language-external forces. Functionalists assume that variation is anomalous. On this view, change may reflect a language-internal drive to eradicate variation. In this paper, it is argued that these conflicting views can be reconciled by considering how variation functions in the broader context of the grammar. Drawing on a case study into the prepositional complements following emotion adjectives, it is proposed that variation (as Variationists maintain) is natural and that languages have no intrinsic tendency to reduce variability. Nevertheless, the synchronic availability and historical development of specific variants is (as Functionalists maintain) also internally motivated, typically by analogical relations.
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Empirical and experimental work has yielded burgeoning evidence of intra-individual variation drawing on a variety of analytical frameworks and methodological approaches. A systematic review of intra-individual variation is thus timely both to provide guidance for researchers wishing to interpret and understand intra-individual variation and to provide some theoretical and methodological resources to evaluate the rapidly growing body of literature on intra-individual variation. The present chapter thus untangles intra-individual variation both terminologically and conceptually. We survey the scholarly discussion and evaluation of intra-individual variation in the interdisciplinary discourse of theoretical linguistic frameworks and empirical studies. By sketching previous research, we systematise various types of intra-individual and derive the proposal for a model of intra-individual variation followed by some remarks about the application of intra-individual variation.
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Empirical Research
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Rocky intertidal systems are useful to study the influence of measurement scale on spatial biological variation in community structure. Vertical biological variation across elevations (triggered by tides) has typically been found higher than horizontal (alongshore) variation at local scales but lower than horizontal variation at regional scales. In those studies, alongshore environmental variation increased with scale. We surveyed the Canadian and Chilean coasts at those scales but with a limited underlying alongshore environmental variation and found that horizontal biological variation was never higher than vertical biological variation. Predicting spatial scales of biological variation should thus consider the underlying environmental variation. These photographs illustrate the article “Interhemispheric comparison of scale-dependent spatial variation in the structure of intertidal rocky-shore communities” by Alexis M. Catalán, Nelson Valdivia, and Ricardo A. Scrosati published in Ecosphere. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3068.
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Intertidal ecology
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Cross-talks and sketches are two important forms of language art in our country. They are popular with a wide range of audiences around the country due to their humorous language. Language variation is a very important means of creating humor effect. In cross-talks and sketches,various forms of language variation, including phonetic variation, lexical variation,grammar variation, semantic variation,stylistic variation and pragmatic variation,are applied to realize humor effect.
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Variation (astronomy)
Language Change
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The idioms become a language form that people love to see and hear for the fixed structure and the fusion meaning.The idioms' use includes the conventional use and the variation use.This paper primarily treats the idioms' variation use based on the studies of predecessors,and we mainly distinguish between the idioms' form variation and the idioms' meaning variation.It mainly analyses the three basic types and the rhetorical characteristics of the idioms' variation use.
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