Surveillance: The Role of Observation in Epidemiological Studies
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Public health surveillance
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This paper provides a reviewof the present of public health surveillance— the ongoing systematic collection,analysis,interpretation,and dissemination of health data for the planning,implementation,and evaluation of public health action. Public health surveillance has been established the application conditions and the use of six major categories,and made specific provision in the implementation of surveillance,and classification of the current public health surveillance is mainly expounded in detail. Public health surveillance is still in the stage of development,its theories and methods still need to further improve and perfect,only in this way can we further enhance public health surveillance.
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An essential component of a public health surveillance system is its ability to detect priority diseases which fall within the mandate of public health officials at all levels. Early detection, reporting and response to public health events help to reduce the burden of mortality and morbidity on communities. Analysis of reliable surveillance data provides relevant information which can enable implementation of timely and appropriate public health interventions. To ensure that a resilient system is in place, the World Health Organization (WHO) has provided guidelines for detection, reporting and response to public health events in the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy. This case study provides training on detection, reporting and analysis of priority diseases for routine public health surveillance in Liberia and highlights potential errors and challenges which can hinder effective surveillance. Table-top exercises and group discussion lead participants through a simulated verification and analyses of summary case reports in the role of the District Surveillance Officer. This case study is intended for public health training in a classroom setting and can be accomplished within 2 hours 30 minutes. The target audience include residents in Frontline Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP-Frontline), Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs (FELTPs), and others who are interested in this topic.
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During May, 83 of the 120 districts in Uganda had reported malaria cases above the upper limit of the normal channel. Across all districts, cases had exceeded malaria normal channel upper limits for an average of six months. Yet no alarms had been raised! Starting in 2000, Uganda adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy for disease reporting, including for malaria. Even early on, however, it was unclear how effectively IDSR and DHIS2 were being used in Uganda. Outbreaks were consistently detected late, but the underlying cause of the late detection was unclear. Suspecting there might be gaps in the surveillance system that were not immediately obvious, the Uganda FETP was asked to evaluate the malaria surveillance system in Uganda. This case study teaches trainees in Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs, public health students, public health workers who may participate in evaluation of public health surveillance systems, and others who are interested in this topic on reasons, steps, and attributes and uses the surveillance evaluation approach to identify gaps and facilitates discussion of practical solutions for improving a public health surveillance system.
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The purpose of evaluating public health surveillance systems is to ensure that problems of public health importance are being monitored efficiently and effectively. CDC's Guidelines for Evaluating Surveillance Systems are being updated to address the need for a) the integration of surveillance and health information systems, b) the establishment of data standards, c) the electronic exchange of health data, and d) changes in the objectives of public health surveillance to facilitate the response of public health to emerging health threats (e.g., new diseases). This report provides updated guidelines for evaluating surveillance systems based on CDC's Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health, research and discussion of concerns related to public health surveillance systems, and comments received from the public health community. The guidelines in this report describe many tasks and related activities that can be applied to public health surveillance systems.
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Abstract Public health surveillance is the data collection and analysis continuously and systematically then it is disseminated (spread) to the parties who are responsible for the prevention of diseases and other health problems. Surveillance constantly monitors the incidence and trends of disease, detects and predicts outbreaks on populations, observes the factors that influence the incidence of diseases. Furthermore, surveillance links the information to decision makers in order to prevent and control disease, sometimes it is used the term epidemiologic surveillance. Both public health surveillance and epidemiological surveillance are essentially the same as they use the same method and aim which are to control public health problems. Epidemiology is known as the core of public health. Surveillance by WHO explained that surveillance can be defined as the application of appropriate epidemiological methodology and techniques to control diseases. A description of the pattern of ongoing disease can be described several examples of activities carried out as follows: a. Detection of acute changes occurring disease and its distribution, b. Identification and calculation of trends and patterns of disease according to frequency of occurrence, c. Identification of risk factors and other causes, such as vectors that can lead to disease later, and d. Detect changes in community health services. Developing an integrated HIV and AIDS among all stakeholders is very important to follow up on the efforts to establish evidence-based health policy. Keywords : Surveillance Epidemiologic, Health Services, HIV AIDS, and Health Policy
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Emerging Role of Informatics in Public Health Practice Early Use of Technology for Public Health Practice Guiding Principles for Development of Public Health Applications Information Requirements for Automated Disease Surveillance Historical Impact of Infectious Disease Outbreaks Disease as a Weapon Modern Disease Surveillance Applications Summary References
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Public health surveillance
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Surveillance of people's health takes on an important meaning in the practice of public health because it allows monitoring of diseases and prompt response to change in proportions and rates at which diseases occur in populations. Improving health of populations requires establishment of an effective public health system. Population level data and analysis is critically important in government policy and program development and monitoring. Lack of or inadequate information about the health of populations leads to ineffective policies that may often attenuate health problems instead of solving them. Australia's current oral health surveillance is mostly through ad hoc sentinel surveys, which lack recency in time. This position paper is to present the need for real-time oral health surveillance in Australia, which can be used to inform health decision-making in a timely manner.
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Foodborne disease continues to be an important global public health problem. Surveillance is essential to efforts to measure, control, and prevent foodborne disease. Capacity is increased with the increasing complexity of the surveillance system, which can be classified on a spectrum ranging from no formal surveillance to syndromic surveillance, laboratory-based surveillance, and, finally, integrated food-chain surveillance. While syndromic surveillance is usually not specific enough for most foodborne surveillance needs, it may be useful in countries with insufficient resources to establish laboratory-based surveillance. Specific strategies for surveillance include: (1) routine surveillance for notifiable diseases, (2) subtyping of pathogens, (3) sentinel site surveillance, (4) hospital discharge records and death registration, (5) foodborne disease complaints systems, and (6) outbreak reports. This chapter describes the advantages, disadvantages, and relevance of these surveillance strategies for various public health situations and objectives. Additional uses of surveillance data, opportunities for improving foodborne disease surveillance, and efforts to enhance surveillance internationally are discussed.
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