Expanding the list of sequence-agnostic enzymes for chromatin conformation capture assays with S1 nuclease
Gridina MariaP Karpov AndreyShadskiy ArtemTorgunakov NikitaK. AndreyKhrapov EvgenyRyzhkova OxanaFilipenko MaximFishman Veniamin
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Abstract:
This study presents a novel approach for mapping global chromatin interactions using S1 nuclease, a sequence-agnostic enzyme. We develop and outline a protocol that leverages S1 nuclease's ability to effectively introduce breaks into both open and closed chromatin regions, allowing for comprehensive profiling of chromatin properties. Our S1 Hi-C method enables the preparation of high-quality Hi-C libraries, marking a significant advancement over previously established DNase I Hi-C protocols. Moreover, S1 nuclease's capability to fragment chromatin to mono-nucleosomes suggests the potential for mapping the three-dimensional organization of the genome at high resolution. This methodology holds promise for an improved understanding of chromatin state-dependent activities and may facilitate the development of new genomic methods.Keywords:
Nuclease
Micrococcal nuclease
ChIA-PET
Chromatin is organized into a repeating structure (nucleosome) made up of proteins and DNA. Micrococcal nuclease and DNAase I have been used to probe this structure in nuclear populations from three tissues (liver, brain and heart) of the inbred mouse strain C57BL at different ages. For those parameters examined in each tissue, chromatin contained essentially the same features of nucleosomal organization, regardless of the age of the mouse. Thus, the rate and extent of nuclease digestion, the size of the DNA repeat unit and nucleosome core are not significantly different as a function of age. However, the accessibility of internucleosomal DNA to micrococcal nuclease, as determined by measuring the DNA size distribution after nuclease cutting, may be partially limited in brain chromatin (but not liver or heart) of older animals. These results indicate that there are no gross, age-related changes in the conformational state or organization of chromatin in these tissues. The results do not exclude smaller alterations in chromatin which might occur with age and which the methodology employed might not be sensitive enough to detect.
Micrococcal nuclease
Nuclease
Digestion
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Micrococcal nuclease
Nuclease
Histone-modifying enzymes
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Actively transcribed regions of chromatin are more susceptible than bulk chromatin to digestion by nucleases, and useful information about the composition and structure of active chromatin may be obtained by studying the chromatin fragments released from nuclei by limited nuclease digestion. In the present study, we have used micrococcal nuclease to investigate the effects of TSH on protein phosphorylation in nucleasesensitive fractions of calf thyroid chromatin. Batches of calf thyroid slices were incubated for 2 h with 32Pi, with or without 50 mU/ml TSH. Nuclei were then prepared and the distribution of 32P-labeled histones, high mobility group(HMG) proteins, and other acid-soluble phosphoproteins between micrococcal nuclease-sensitive and resistant fractions of chromatin was examined. TSH increased the amount of 32P incorporated into HMG 14 and the histones H1 and H3. Hormone-dependent increases in the 32P-labeling of H1 and H3 were not selectively associated with micrococcal nuclease-sensitive chromatin. In contrast, [32P] HMG-14 was preferentially solubilized from nuclei by micrococcal nuclease. This lends support to the view that TSH-induced effects on the structure and function of transcriptionally active chromatin may be mediated in part by phosphorylation of HMG 14.
Micrococcal nuclease
Nuclease
Non-histone protein
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Isolated cell nuclei were incubated with nucleases, and then the chromatin was extracted with a low-salt buffer. When degradation of the nuclear chromatin DNase I or micrococcal nuclease is intensified, solubilization of the deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) in low-salt buffer at first increases, reaching a maximum in the case of hydrolysis of 2-4% of the nuclear DNA, but after intensive treatment with nucleases, it decreases sharply. Soluble fragmented chromatin is aggregated during treatment with DNase I. The addition of exogenous products of nuclease treatment of isolated nuclei to a preparation of gelatinous chromatin induces its aggregation. Pretreatment of nuclear chromatin with RNase prevents the solubilization of DNP by solutions with low ionic strength. Certain experimental data obtained using rigorous nuclease treatment are discussed; for their interpretation it is necessary to consider the effect of aggregation of fragmented chromatin by products of its nuclease degradation.
Micrococcal nuclease
Nuclease
Degradation
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Micrococcal nuclease
Linker DNA
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Micrococcal nuclease
SWI/SNF
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
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The studies reported here demonstrate that ATP may be used in lieu of EDTA to inhibit nuclease digestion of DNA and chromatin. Because ATP is a milder chelator than EDTA and is a biochemical common to the cellular microenvironment in vivo, critical studies of cellular processes that require native structure to be maintained are more feasible without the presence of strong chelators. During the digestion of chromatin into its components by nuclease treatment, ATP assures the retention of nucleoprotein compaction, particularly for large to intermediate-sized oligosomes (2400bp-1000bp in length). ATP used at a concentration of 3.3 mM appears to be somewhat better than EDTA, 1.0 mM, for minimizing degradation of nucleasetreated chromatin. However, termination of nuclease digestion of chromatin and minimization of further degradation by the addition of ATP to a concentration of 1.0 mM was almost equivalent to the addition of EDTA to a concentration of 1.0 mM. Slightly more degradation was observed for the latter condition. In addition, ATP can be used to inhibit endogenous nuclease activity when specific restriction enzymes are needed. Standard low ionic strength DNP, deoxyribonucleoprotein, and DNA electrophoresis of proteinized and deproteinized chromatin oligomers, respectively, indicated that ATP effectively inhibits staphylococcal nuclease. Low ionic strength nucleoprotein electrophoresis to resolve staphylococcal nuclease-digested chromatin indicates that as little as 10 -4 M EDTA can promote structural unfolding resulting in changes in apparent mobilities for chromatin oligomers 250 and 600 bp in length. Comparative digestion of chromatin with staphlococcal nuclease followed by reaction termination by ATP or EDTA showed that this observation was not merely the result of degradation due to inefficiency of ATP enzyme inhibition.
Nuclease
Micrococcal nuclease
Nucleoprotein
Digestion
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Eukaryotic genomes are packed into chromatin, whose basic repeating unit is the nucleosome. Nucleosome positioning is a widely researched area. A common experimental procedure to determine nucleosome positions involves the use of micrococcal nuclease (MNase). Here, we show that the cutting preference of MNase in combination with size selection generates a sequence-dependent bias in the resulting fragments. This strongly affects nucleosome positioning data and especially sequence-dependent models for nucleosome positioning. As a consequence we see a need to re-evaluate whether the DNA sequence is a major determinant of nucleosome positioning in vivo. More generally, our results show that data generated after MNase digestion of chromatin requires a matched control experiment in order to determine nucleosome positions.
Micrococcal nuclease
Chromatosome
Linker DNA
Sequence (biology)
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Isolated cell nuclei were incubated with nucleases followed by extraction of chromatin with a low salt buffer. With an increase of nuclear chromatin degradation with DNAse I or micrococcal nuclease, solubilization of deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) by a low salt buffer increases, reaching a maximum upon hydrolysis with 2-4% nuclear DNA and then decreases appreciably after extensive treatment with nucleases. Soluble fragmented chromatin aggregates in the course of treatment with DNAase. I. Addition to gel chromatin preparations of exogenous products of nuclease treatment of isolated nuclei leads to its aggregation. Pretreatment of nuclear chromatin with RNAase prevents solubilization of DNP by low ionic strength solutions. Some experimental data obtained with the use of severe nuclease treatment are discussed; for a correct interpretation of these data the aggregation of fragmented chromatin by products of its nuclease degradation should be taken into consideration.
Micrococcal nuclease
Nuclease
Degradation
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