Life cycle assessment with the transition from lignocellulose- to microalgae-based biofuels: A review
Farrukh JamilMehwish Hussain MuhammadMurid HussainParveen AkhterAhmad SarwerAbrar InayatKhairirihanna JohariNasir ShezadSee Hoon LeeYoung‐Kwon Park
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Carbon neutrality
Aviation biofuel
This review surveys chromatographic technology that has been applied to the characterization of biodiesel and its blends. Typically, biodiesel consists of fatty acid methyl esters produced by transesterification of plant or animal derived triacylglycerols. Primary attention is given to the determination of trace impurities in biodiesel, such as methanol, glycerol, mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols, and sterol glucosides. The determination of the fatty acid methyl esters, trace impurities in biodiesel, and the determination of the biodiesel content of commercial blends of biodiesel in conventional diesel are also addressed.
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Abstract Biodiesel is a renewable fuel, biodegradable and alternative to diesel oil consisting chemically of fatty acid alkyl esters and obtained by the transesterification reaction. After transesterification, undesirable components may remain in biodiesel. The presence of these components negatively influences the properties and performance of biodiesel. This research aims to evaluate biodiesel quality, using the quantitative ultrasound technique to determine the presence of the contaminant glycerol in biodiesel samples. The blends used in this study consisted of biodiesel and glycerol varying from 0 % to 0.5 % of glycerol by mass. The measurement uncertainty was evaluated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The speed of sound in biodiesel/glycerol blends was measured by the pulse-echo technique (@ 5 MHz) and was considered equivalent for the different concentrations studied. The maximum measurement uncertainty obtained was 2.2 m·s −1 (0.16 %).
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Biodiesel 燃料被发现基于研究人员出版一十年的结果是为石油柴油机的一种有希望的选择。Biodiesel 燃料是可更新、非可能减解的燃料。许多国家使用 biodiesel 燃料让 automotives 由于石油燃料的弄空遇见危机并且遇见紧排放标准。当来源和可估计的结果被报导，各种各样的研究与蔬菜油与不同 biodiesel 燃料被执行了。已经被测试了的很少 biodiesel 燃料是 Jatropha， Pongamia， Mahua， neem，棉花种子，等等。在这个试验性的工作， Adelfa biodiesel 混合被用作测试燃料。排放和表演特征与三另外的不同 biodiesel 燃料混合相比。可估计的结果暗示 Adelfa biodiesel (Nerium 油甲基酉旨) 能是未来的 biodiesel 燃料，它与直接注射(DI ) 有好相容性没有任何主要修正的柴油机引擎。而且， Adelfa 能与水的更少来源一起在一块非农业的陆地被栽培。它广泛地在亚洲的所有主要国家上被散布。试验性的调查与标准引擎说明在一台单个柱体 DI 柴油机引擎上被执行了。在这个试验性的工作，各种各样的 Adelfa biodiesel 相配与引用燃料(柴油机) 相比选择把更靠近的表演给柴油机的最好的混合。有另外的 biodiesel 燃料的比较分析也被做了，结果被讨论了。
Pongamia
Jatropha
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Fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) have a major effect in displacing Diesel fuel
of crude oil origin and also to minimize the emission of gases which contribute
to the global warming phenomenon. Furthermore, FAME easily biodegrades as
compared to the fossil fuel. In order to investigate the oxidation of stability of
FAME, there are various methods which can be employed, namely FAME in
relation to European standard PN EN 14214. This research project produces a
critical result of determination of FAME oxidation stability with different type
of biodiesel sample. From this research report, the most suitable biodiesel that
can be used for consideration for alternative renewable energy would be jatropha
biodiesel. Jatropha biodiesel good in thermal stability, can maintain fuel
properties in higher temperature, low acid value, low density, has a higher total
base number, low viscosity which indicates that jatropha biodiesel is thermally
stable and has a longer period of oxidation rate.This research is very important
for further biodiesel development in our country to develop in future pure
biodiesel fuel or partially biodiesel fuel mix with crude oil.
EN 14214
Jatropha
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Research progress of biodiesel stability and biodiesel stabilizers at home and abroad was reviewed in this paper,including chemical composition and characteristics of biodiesel,stability and its influence factors of biodiesel,determination and evaluation methods of biodiesel stability,varieties and properties of biodiesel stabilizers.It is thought that the addition of biodiesel stabilizers was the main way to raise the stability of biodiesel.
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Aviation is one of the fastest-growing industries, but its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions cannot be ignored. In recent years, the development of alterna-tive fuels for aviation has gained increasing attention to reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. This thesis provides an overview of the current situation in aviation, focusing on the use of conventional jet fuels and the need for alternatives. Various types of alternative fuels for aviation are presented, including biofuels, syn-thetic fuels, and hydrogen. The dvantages and disad-vantages of each type of fuel are analysed, as well as the current production methods and their potential for com-mercial use. With a greater focus on biobutanol as an alternative fuel.
Jet fuel
Carbon neutrality
Aviation biofuel
Aviation fuel
Carbon fibers
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To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biomass has been increasingly developed as a renewable and clean alternative to fossil fuels because of its carbon-neutral characteristics. China has been investigating the rational development and use of bioenergy for developing its clean energy and achieving carbon neutrality. Substituting fossil fuels with multi-source and multi-approach utilized bioenergy and corresponding carbon reduction in China remain largely unexplored. Here, a comprehensive bioenergy accounting model with a multi-dimensional analysis was developed by combining spatial, life cycle, and multi-path analyses. Accordingly, the bioenergy production potential and GHG emission reduction for each distinct type of biomass feedstock through different conversion pathways were estimated. The sum of all available organic waste (21.55 EJ yr-1) and energy plants on marginal land (11.77 EJ yr-1) in China produced 23.30 EJ of bioenergy and reduced 2,535.32 Mt CO2-eq emissions, accounting for 19.48% and 25.61% of China's total energy production and carbon emissions in 2020, respectively. When focusing on the carbon emission mitigation potential of substituting bioenergy for conventional counterparts, bioelectricity was the most effective, and its potential was 4.45 and 8.58 times higher than that of gaseous and liquid fuel alternatives, respectively. In this study, life cycle emission reductions were maximized by a mix of bioenergy end uses based on biomass properties, with an optimal 78.56% bioenergy allocation from biodiesel, densified solid biofuel, biohydrogen, and biochar. The main regional bioenergy GHG mitigation focused on the Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guangxi, Henan, and Guangdong provinces, contributing to 31.32% of the total GHG mitigation potential. This study provides valuable guidance on exploiting untapped biomass resources in China to secure carbon neutrality by 2060.
Carbon neutrality
Carbon fibers
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The concerns about increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change have mobilized the world towards using new materials and technologies to decarbonize the global economy. In line with this, the utilization of diverse forms of bioenergy is expected to expand in various economic sectors due to their potential to solve environmental concerns. More specifically, the carbon contained in bioenergy is mainly from biogenic carbon dioxide; thus, bioenergy utilization contributes much less to environmental impacts than fossil energy. Despite the renewability of bioenergy sources, their production is dependent on immense amounts of construction materials, chemicals, and, most importantly, energy resources. Since the production and use of the above items are also responsible for environmental problems and challenges, the sustainability of bioenergy product systems might also be questioned. Life cycle assessment is a powerful tool to quantify the environmental sustainability of various products, including bioenergy production. It also can identify the sources and causes of the environmental impacts of bioenergy product systems. Despite the significant advantages of life cycle assessment in assessing the environmental sustainability of bioenergy product systems, there are still limitations and disadvantages to using this method. Different assumptions, various inventory data, different methods of impact assessment, and many other sources of uncertainty may give rise to wide ranges of final results. These issues can negatively affect the accuracy and reliability of bioenergy product systems' life cycle assessment results, leading to incorrect decisions and policies. In light of the above, this study critically discusses the pros and cons of life cycle assessment in bioenergy product systems, identifying the gaps and sources of uncertainty. Finally, frameworks and procedures to improve the applicability and validity of life cycle assessment are suggested to shed light on future research directions.
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A major problem that limits the use of biodiesel is maintaining the fuel at the specified standards for a longer period. Biodiesel oxidizes much more easily than diesel, and the final oxidation products change its physical and chemical properties and cause the formation of insoluble gums that can block fuel filters and the supply pipes. This instability of biodiesel is a major problem and has not yet been satisfactorily resolved. Recently, the use of biodiesel has increased quite a lot, but the problem related to oxidation could become a significant impediment. A promising and cost-effective approach to improving biodiesel’s stability is to add appropriate antioxidants. Antioxidants work better or less effectively in different biodiesel fuels, and there is no one-size-fits-all inhibitor for every type of biodiesel fuel. To establish a suitable antioxidant for a certain type of biodiesel, it is necessary to know the chemistry of the antioxidants and factors that influence their effectiveness against biodiesel oxidation. Most studies on the use of antioxidants to improve the oxidative stability of biodiesel have been conducted independently. This study presents an analysis of these studies and mentions factors that must be taken into account for the choice of antioxidants so that the storage stability of biodiesel fuels can be improved.
Degradation
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The largest share of renewable energy in Finland comes from bioenergy. In 2019, bioenergy accounted for 82% (416 PJ, 116 TWh) of renewable energy in Finland. This study assesses the potential for increasing bioenergy in energy production by 2035 and what role it will play in achieving the carbon neutrality target in Finland. The role of different energy sources in the energy system was examined using existing scenarios developed for The National Long-Term Strategy. Two alternative low-emission scenarios have been developed to last until 2050 to meet the 2035 carbon neutrality target. In 2035, the amount of bioenergy has risen to 520 - 550 PJ (144 - 153 TWh), which is about 70% of renewable energy consumption. This means, that the bioenergy resource has been fully deployed and the relative share of bioenergy in renewables has decreased slightly. The study also included a survey to university students to map out how likely a carbon neutrality target is to be considered by 2035. University students were unsure of achieving the carbon neutrality target by 2035. The schedule was considered challenging especially in the transport sector. Bioenergy was also seen as still playing an important role, especially in heat production. Achieving significant emission reductions will require significant electrification in all energy use sectors, as fossil fuels cannot be sustainably replaced by bioenergy on a sufficiently large scale.
Carbon neutrality
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