Regional transport of aerosol above boundary layer and its radiation effect trigger severe haze pollution in Beijing
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Based on the observational data from 1961 to 2008 in Yinchuan,the days of haze weather were analyzed.The results indicate that the days of haze weather are in increasing trends.They increase slowly before 1980s,significantly after 1980s and sharply after 2000.The days of haze weather appear frequently in December,then in November,and least in May,namely,winter autumn spring summer.In general,the duration of haze weather is 1-3 days.17% haze weather could last 2 days or more,while 1% haze weather could last 5 days or more.The persistent haze weather concentrates from November to February.The haze weather duration is related to its annual change.The haze weather persisting 5 days or more never occurs before 2000 in Yinchuan,while the haze duration extends with the increase of haze days after 2000.
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The observation data of Fushun City from 2004 to 2013 were analyzed.The results showed that the mist and haze weather in Fushun City were fluctuation trend. In recent 10 years,the average annual fog days were 152 days,of which the light fog days mainly,accounting for 95%;the annual total number of dense fog days accounted for only 3%. Beginning in 2008,the heavy fog and strong heavy fog days increased gradually,especially the heavy fog appeared 4 times in 2013,and the strong heavy fog appeared 7 times. The average annual haze days were 75 days,and with a slight haze weather primarily,accounting for the total haze day number 96%. The number of mild haze and moderate haze days gradually increased in 2012,The number of mild haze and moderate days was 12 d,2 d respectively in 2013. At the same time,the winter was not only a slight haze day number at most,but also mild haze and moderate haze days was the most. That winter was the season of high impact of haze weather in Fushun City.
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Abstract Sungshan, Longshan, Nankang and Mucha districts are selected for experimental research on particulate air pollution in Taipei. Air samples are taken from these districts and analyzed for total particulate weight, particle size distribution and chemical composition. The health status of students in some primary schools in these districts is also investigated. It is found that the particulate air pollution in Sungshan, Longshan and Nankang is serious. Lung function of the students in these three districts has been more or less damaged.
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One dust-haze episode occurring from North China to Northeast China plains during 4-6 Nov 2010 has been analyzed, using MODIS data, air pollution monitoring data, weather chart, and backward trajectory method. Preliminary result shows that this dust-haze episode in Northeast China is inherently related to that in North China, and the former is influenced by the transportation of air pollution form the latter. The air pollutant transportation channel between Northeast China and North China is the Bohai Bay and its neighborhood Liaohe Plain. This conclusion was proved by MODIS image, backward trajectory analysis and the phase delay of PM10(inhalable particulate) concentration upspring along the transportation route. This brings forward a challenge to the air pollution regional control strategy.
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세계의 많은 도시들은 국제 행사의 개최를 통해 각 도시의 인지도와 이미지를 제고하려는 노력을 기울이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 대형 스포츠 이벤트인 2008 베이징 올림픽이 베이징 이미지에 미치는 영향에 대해 부산시민 197명에 대한 설문조사를 실시하여 살펴보았다. 수집된 자료의 분석 결과, 주말의 베이징올림픽 시청시간은 베이징에 대한 친밀감, 베이징에 대한 태도와 정적인 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 베이징에 대한 친밀감과 베이징 올림픽 게임 운영에 대한 평가는 베이징에 대한 이미지, 베이징에 대한 태도, 베이징에 대한 방문의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치고, 그 중에서 베이징에 대한 친밀감이 더욱 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. Many cities in the world are trying to enhance city awareness and city image through international events. In this study, the impact of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on Beijing Image was investigated by survey. According to the result of data analysis, there is a positive correlation between the watching time of Beijing Olympic Games on TV in weekend and familiarity to Beijing. And there is a positive correlation between the watching time of Beijing Olympic Games on TV in weekend and attitude toward Beijing, too. Familiarity to Beijing and Beijing Olympic Games management have an significant impact on Beijing image, attitude toward Beijing and intention to visit Beijing. Familiarity to Beijing than Beijing Olympic Games management has a larger impact on Beijing image and attitude toward Beijing.
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Haze or dust haze,mainly consisting of PM10 or PM2.5,can cause a decrease of visibility in the air.In recent years,with the rapid development of urbanization,the urban air pollution becomes more and more serious,and the number of days that dust haze occurs has increased.The formation of dust haze,the chemical component and the damage of dust haze weather are introduced.The study of the effects of dust haze weather on human body from the epidemiology is also reviewed.
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Atmospheric Dust
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According to the haze data at 7 weather stations from 1971 to 2010 in Shiyan of Hubei province,the characteristics of haze change were analyzed using the methods of a linear trend analysis,a EOF and a M-K and a wavelet analysis,The results showed that in Shiyan haze days was maximum in December and minimum in July to September,the haze days in autumn and winter accounted for more than 70 percent of annual total haze days.In general,the number of annual haze days represent the obvious increasing trend,especially increasing rapidly after the 1990s,the haze days is Increased with a tendency of 5.9 days per 10 years.The change of annual haze days could be divided into five stages,among which haze days from middle to late 1990's and beginning of the 21 century were increasing rapidly.However the number of the haze days in Shiyan is still more and the annual average is 23.3d.From regional distribution,haze days were most in Danjiangkou,and next calne Yunxian,while Fangxian had fewest haze days.In the recent 40 years,the haze show remarkable interannual and interdecadal variability.There is remarkable haze period of 8 years.The most concentrated period of haze mutations was in 2002.
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A heavy haze episode that occurred in Beijing from 20 September to 27 September, 2011 was observed to explore the secondary processes of the haze episode. During the haze episode, the relatively stable synoptic conditions and regional transport from polluted areas in the south and southwest of Beijing favored the formation of haze. Significant increases of PM2.5/PM10 ratio was observed during haze period, which implied that the haze was caused by fine particles. Additionally, the presence of secondary inorganic pollutants (SO42–, NO3– and NH4+) sharply increased during the haze episode, which indicated that secondary processes significantly strengthened the haze episode. The sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) sharply increased from a non-haze episode with a highest value of 0.11 to a haze episode with a highest value of 0.62. Low correlations between SOR and O3 and the temperature were found, whereas a high correlation between SOR and RH was found during the haze episode, which implied that sulfate was mainly produced by the aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 rather than the gas-phase conversion of SO2 to sulfate in haze episode in Beijing. Furthermore, a fine linear relationship between SOR and the surface area (dS) of particles smaller than 1 µm confirmed the heterogeneous processes of sulfate formation in haze episode. The nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) also sharply increased from a non-haze episode with a highest value of 0.03 to a haze episode with a highest value of 0.26, which indicated more intense secondary formation of nitrate in haze episode. Nitrate was found to be mainly produced by a homogenous reaction under ammonium-rich conditions. Higher RH in haze episode reduced the thermodynamic equilibrium constant Ke', and favored the thermodynamic equilibrium reaction of HNO3(g) + NH3(g) ↔ NH4NO3(s, aq) to formed nitrate, which might help explain the enhanced homogenous production of nitrate in haze episode. In addition, a good empirical fit (R2 = 0.70) between NOR and dS was found, which indicated that the particle surface area significantly contributed to the intense homogeneous production of nitrate in haze episode.
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Based on the observational haze data and the air environment quality data in Shenzhen during 1981～2010,the long-term variation tendency of the haze weather with different level was analyzed along with the relationship between the haze weather and the atmospheric visibility,air quality.The annual haze days of Shenzhen showed an increasing trend overall.At the same time,the numbers of the haze days at each level,such as slight,mild,moderate and severe,also showed an increasing trend.The proportion of the slight haze declined,while the proportion of the haze over the mild level rose over the 30 years.For different seasons,the maximum occurrence probability of haze weather was recorded in winter,followed by autumn,spring and summer sequentially.However,the severe level of haze happened mostly in summer.The occurrence of the haze weather often led to the descending of the atmospheric horizontal visibility that average visibility during haze days was about 6～7km lower than it in non-haze days, and a higher level of haze often result in a lower visibility.The air quality monitoring data suggested that the SO2,NO2concentrations during haze days were 1.4～1.7 times of those in the non-haze days,while the PM10concentration was 2.2 times,which indicated the increase of atmospheric particulate pollution was possibly one important reason of haze increasing.For Lixiang Station,PM10 and NO2concentrations during haze days exhibited a bimodal diurnal variation characteristics which was accordant with the rush hours,which suggested that the increasing number of the motor vehicles contributed to haze weather in Shenzhen.The data also showed that the higher the haze level was,the higher of the PM10,SO2 and NO2concentrations, and the increase of the PM10,SO2 and NO2concentrations between each haze level was about 15%～20%.
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