Exposure to microplastics affects fatty acid composition in the Japanese quail depending on sex and particle size
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Plastic ingestion in birds is a widespread phenomenon of increasing concern. However, little is known about how exposure to microplastics (MP) affects the health of birds. In other organisms, MP exposure alters lipid metabolism and composition. If also true in birds, this could affect their fitness, especially since birds heavily rely on lipids during migration and egg production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of MP (polypropylene and polyethylene collected in nature) in two size ranges, large (3 mm) and small (<125 μm), affects lipid metabolism in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). We orally exposed 55 one-week-old quail during 5 weeks to a total of 600 mg of MP in sizes of either large, small, or a mixture of both. After the exposure period, females fed small MP had higher liver masses compared to control females (on average ± SD, 8.95 ± 2.3 g vs. 6.34 ± 1.0 g), while liver lipid content did not differ in either males or females. The levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were lower in females exposed to large MP and the mixture of both MP sizes compared to controls. Females exposed to MP also had different levels of oleic- (18:1) and palmitoleic (16:1) acid compared to controls dependent on MP size. Exposure to small MP increased levels of palmitic- (16:0) and palmitoleic (16:1) acid in both males and females suggesting a possible increase in de novo fatty acid synthesis. Taken together, our results point towards a sex-specific sensitivity to MP as well as size-dependent MP effects on lipid metabolism in birds. Disruption of fatty acid composition could affect important life stages in female birds, such as migration and egg-laying. We stress the importance of further research focused on determining the mechanisms of action of MP on lipid metabolism.Keywords:
Palmitoleic acid
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Quail hunting is a major socioeconomic practice in Egyptian coastal areas.The accumulation of cadmium in feathers (chest and tail), muscle, kidneys and livers were analyzed and compared in both wild migratory and domesticated Japanese quails using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Domesticated Japanese quail recorded higher concentrations of cadmium than the wild one.Cadmium concentration was higher in kidneys and livers than that in the pectoral muscle and feathers.To assess potential risk to human health, daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated.The EDI in all tissues was within the permissible tolerable daily intake (PTDI) limit except for kidney values in domesticated species.THQ of all tested organs was less than one, indicating that harmful impacts are not expected.People should avoid eating kidneys and livers of quail in their diets but can safely feed on muscles as they accumulate low percentage of the toxic cadmium.
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The present work aimed to compare the effect of different dietary oil sources on semen characteristics of quail males. Japanese quail males (21 per diet) were fed one of four treatment diets: diet containing sunflower oil (T1), flax oil (T2), corn oil (T3), or fish oil (T4) as the oil source. Birds were 6 weeks old at the beginning of experiment. Following two weeks of adaptation period, semen was collected twice a week fortnightly from each male to evaluate semen traits included in this study. First semen collection was used to evaluate ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, live in total sperm, live normal sperm, sperm quality factor and abnormal sperm, while the second semen collection was used after pooled the semen of each replicate (7 male each) for determine semen glucose, protein, Aspartate Aminotrnsferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). Results of this study revealed that fish oil group (T4) surpasses other treatment groups as regards all semen characteristics involved in this study followed by the results of flax oil (T2), whereas the worst results for these traits were recorded when the diets of quail males supplemented with sunflower oil (T1) and corn oil (T3). In conclusion, fish oil and flax oil supplemented diets can be used as efficient tool for improving reproductive performance of Japanese quail males.
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Moscovici, Carlo (University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver), and E. H. Macintyre . Effect of avian myeloblastosis virus in the Japanese quail. J. Bacteriol. 92: 1141–1149. 1966.—Avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) induced a spectrum of neoplasms in Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) which was similar to that observed in the chicken, with one exception: the total absence of acute myeloblastic leukemia in quail. Studies in vivo as well as in vitro suggested that the cause for this difference may be ascribed to the heterogeneity of AMV and to the genetic makeup of the quail cell.
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Birds have an extra ordinary respiratory system which plays an important role in keeping the body temperature constant. The abilities of birds to sustain flight and to fly in the thin air of high altitude are striking evolutionary accomplishments. The respiratory system is vital to these strenuous feats and thus most research on the form, function and adaptive significance of the avian lung has rightly on adaptations that enable rapid rates exchange. Morphologically, the avian respiratory system is separated into the lung (the gas exchanging part) and the air sacs (the non respiratory part). Lung tissues of the migratory quail and the farmed quail were subjected to standard processing for transmission electron microscopy. The results reported differences in the number and form of the air capillaries (Acs) and blood capillaries (Bcs). The blood gas-barrier (BGB) was thinner in the migratory quail than that of the farmed quail. The lung of the migratory quail is very efficient because of the presence of an extremely thin blood gas barrier than that of the farmed quail. This would contribute to the remarkable to expend energy during flight, especially at high altitude by the migratory quail which flies for longer distances, and indicate that structural adaptations may occur in the avian lung in response to functional demands.
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