Novel insights into aerobic 17β-estradiol degradation by enriched microbial communities from mangrove sediments
Shan ZhangXueying YeXianbin LinXiangwei ZengShanshan MengWenqi LuoFei YuTao PengTongwang HuangJin LiZhong Hu
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The importance of mangroves as feeding grounds for fish and other macrozoob enthos in the Indian Ocean and elsewhere has been a subject of debate. This could partly be due to the fact that studies describing this role have been conducted in mangrove systems that differed in their settings. By using stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen, w e investigated two different settings of mangroves along the Tanzanian coast, to establish if mangrove setting influences the extent to which this habitat is utilized as a potential feeding ground by fish. The two mangrove settings were: mangrove-lined creeks which retain water during low tides and fringing man groves that drain completely during low tides. The δ 13 C signatures of most fishes from the mangrove-lined creeks were similar to those of food items from the manmangrove-lined creeks were similar to those of food items from the manwere similar to those of food items from the man grove habitat, which suggests that these fishes feed from the mangrove habitats. In contrast, the overlap in δ 13 C of some food items from the fringing mangroves with those from adjacent habitats, and the more enriched δ 13 C signatures of fishes from the fringing mangroves with respect to most typical food items from the mangrove habitat could be an indication that these fishes feed from both habitats but to a lower extent from the fringing mangroves. The results suggest that fishes feed more from the mangrove-lined creeks as compared to fringing mangroves which is probably related to differences in the degree of mangrove inundation. Th e more or less conThe more or less con tinuous access provided more time for fishes to stay and feed in the mangrove-lined creeks compared to fishes from the fringing mangroves, which have access to these mangroves only during high tide and have to migrate to adjacent habitats with the ebbing tide. Mangrove ecosystems are widely recognized as potential nursery grounds for juve
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The importance of mangroves as feeding grounds for fish and other macrozoob-enthos in the Indian Ocean and elsewhere has been a subject of debate. This could partly be due to the fact that studies describing this role have been conducted in mangrove systems that differed in their settings. By using stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen, we investigated two different settings of mangroves along the Tanzanian coast, to establish if mangrove setting influences the extent to which this habitat is utilized as a potential feeding ground by fish. The two mangrove settings were: mangrove-lined creeks which retain water during low tides and fringing mangroves that drain completely during low tides. The δ13C signatures of most fishes from the mangrove-lined creeks were similar to those of food items from the mangrove habitat, which suggests that these fishes feed from the mangrove habitats. In contrast, the overlap in δ13C of some food items from the fringing mangroves with those from adjacent habitats, and the more enriched δ13C signatures of fishes from the fringing mangroves with respect to most typical food items from the mangrove habitat could be an indication that these fishes feed from both habitats but to a lower extent from the fringing mangroves. The results suggest that fishes feed more from the mangrove-lined creeks as compared to fringing mangroves which is probably related to differences in the degree of mangrove inundation. The more or less continuous access provided more time for fishes to stay and feed in the mangrove-lined creeks compared to fishes from the fringing mangroves, which have access to these mangroves only during high tide and have to migrate to adjacent habitats with the ebbing tide.
Avicennia marina
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In women of reproductive age, the primary source of circulating estrogens is the ovaries. There are three forms of estrogen circulating in our bloodstream: estradiol, estrone and estriol. The normal ratio of these three types of estrogens ideally should be 10–20%, 10–20%, and 60–80% respectively. The estrogen that accounts for most of the tissue stimulation is called estradiol. Estrone is a little bit less potent with estriol being the weakest. Brain converts estrone and estradiol to 2- and 4-hydroxylated derivatives known as catechol estrogens
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肥満の閉経婦人では, 過剰な脂肪組織でandrostenedioneからestroneへの変換と, さらにestroneからestradiolへの変換が起き, しかも, 血中ではsexhormone binding globulin濃度の低下があるために相対的にfreeのestrogenが増加した状態が惹起されている. そしてそのestrogenは子宮内膜に持続的作用を及ぼし, 子宮内膜癌の発生しやすい状態をもたらしている. 一方では, estrogenを自ら産生する表層上皮性卵巣癌や穎粒膜細胞腫などの報告も認められる. いずれにしろ, 閉経婦人における高estrogen環境は, 子宮内膜癌や卵巣癌の存在に留意すべきである. 今回は, 高齢婦人でありながら,持続的estrogen作用の存在を示唆する多量の頸管粘液を認め, 子宮内膜細胞診でも経過観察の過程で, 内膜病変の進展が推測された症例を経験した. 本例は肥満もなく,血清estrone (Eo) 値とestradiol (Ed) 値も低かったが, 頸管粘液は多量に分泌されていた. 閉経婦人で高estrogen状態が示唆された場合には, 子宮内膜癌や卵巣癌の存在に留意しておく必要がある.
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Estrone sulfate
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임신시에는 융수성 gonadotropin(HCG)을 중심으로한 단백 hormone 과 성 steroids 를 중심으로 한 steroid hormone의 현저한 증량이 생겨서 태아의 발육,보호분만후 포유를 위한 유선의 발육등에 중요한 의미를 가지고 있는 것이 병백하게 되었다. 이와 같이 임신중에 증량하는 steroid hormone 특히 estrogen, progesterone 의 생산원이 태반이라고 함은 현재 의심할 여지가 없는 사실이나 그 생합성경로 및 기서에 관해서는 아직 불명한 점이 많다. 근래 이 태반에서의 estrogen 대사에 관연하여 임신뇨중 대부분을 차지하고 있는 estriol 치 측정법이 일종의 태반기능검사법으로서 주목되어 의과학적으로 중요한 임상검사법의 하나로서 각광을 받고 있다. 차등에관하여 저자는 문헌적으로 고찰하여 논술하고저 한다. 결 론 1.Estrogen은 태반에서 생산한다. 2.Estrogen의 생합성 및 대사에 대하여 현재 다음과 같이 생각되고 있다. a) Estrogen 의 precursor는 태아및 모체의 부견에서 pregnenolone→17 α-hydroxyperegnenolone→DHA 의 과정을 거쳐서 생성된 DHA(dehydroepiandrosterone)이다. b)태반은 이 precursor를 aromatize하여 estrone및 estradiol-17 β로 하고, 태아는 간에서 16-hydrogenate하여 다시 태반의 estriol로 전환된다. c)HCG는 태반에서 estrone, estradiol-17 β→estriol 에 관련이 있는 듯하다. 3.임신중 estriol의 역할은 자궁경관, 질을 연화하고 개대시키는 작용이 있다. 4.임신중 뇨중 estriol 정량은 이상임신의 진단과 예후판정에 보조가 된다. 5.Estriol은 분만시에 응용하여 자궁 질부의 연화,자궁경관의 개대,분만 제 1기의 단축화등에 유효하다.
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Steroid hormone
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