Review on eco-driving control for connected and automated vehicles
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Powertrain
Global energy resources are constantly being depleted and prices of primary energy resources are increasing. Therefore more attention should be paid to the development of alternative energy resources and rational utilization of existing resources. European Union's Energy Efficiency Directive is dedicated to rational utilization of energy resources by implementing energy efficiency measures for energy end user. In order to use benefits from the energy efficiency measures and to achieve new energy efficiency benchmarks, company's energy management is necessary. Only the energy efficiency and energy management nexus enables to achieve potentially the best result. In this research is explained that simple benchmarking at benchmarking 1 level does not give the possibility to achieve maximum energy consumption savings. More thorough energy efficiency and energy management nexus gives opportunity to determine that it is possible to regulate production capacity so that facility operates with a minimum electricity consumption per unit of production.
Benchmarking
Energy accounting
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Nowadays, the observed high energy consumption in most of the enterprises and the increased environmental preservation required are a proof that the energy management is essential to be applied in the sectors of final demand. Energy management as a mean for reducing the energy consumption and therefore energy costs, as well as the technical tools that are being used for this effort, is the central topic of this paper. In this framework, the Computerised Model for Intelligent Energy Management (CMIEM) can constitute a powerful technical tool in the hands of the final energy users, because it is a diagnostic mean of required energy consuming equipment, in order to improve the energy efficiency. The CMIEM has the potential of estimating the energy indicators and designing the energy consumption net. The CMIEM has been applied in both industrial units and buildings and the outcomes were really important for energy managers, as they strive towards the rational use of energy.
Energy accounting
Consumption
Energy management system
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Facing the new requirements of energy development and transformation, adjusting the energy consumption structure and controlling the total energy consumption has become the focus of our country's current urban energy management. Aiming at six key industries in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, this paper selects five factors that affect the structure of energy consumption from two dimensions of economy and technology, and uses time series data and grey relational analysis method to evaluate the correlation between the five factors and the energy consumption structure of each industry. On this basis, the importance of factors affecting the structure of energy consumption and its industrial characteristics are deeply analyzed. In addition, according to the historical data characteristics of energy consumption in the six key energy-consuming industries in Ningbo, from 2010 to 2020, the trend extrapolation method is used to directly predict the proportion of electric energy consumption in the future years, and the estimation formula of comprehensive energy consumption and comprehensive carbon consumption of the industry is given.
Consumption
Energy accounting
Grey relational analysis
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Many authorities launched their energy sustainability plan that involve the sustainable energy management scheme to improve energy efficiency. The sustainable energy management scheme consists of several measures to encourage energy efficiency in three primary energy consumers by pursuing implementation measures in the industrial, commercial, and residential sectors. Meanwhile, energy performance is quantifiable in energy efficiency and energy consumption become one of scheme measure aspects. In this review, the ASEAN Energy Management Scheme (AEMAS) was discussed as a regionally structured training and certification system for ASEAN Energy Managers. Besides that, Energy Management Gold Standard (EMGS) is AEMAS's first regional achievement certification for global excellence in energy management systems. Previous literatures exposed the key to energy efficiency goals is behavioural change, which means individual attitudes affect energy consumption.
Excellence
Energy accounting
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The aim of this paper is to conduct an in-depth study on how to reduce energy consumption in China. The main objective of this case study includes finding out problems of energy audit and energy management in Jilin province, which caused excessive energy consumption. The case study reveals that the enterprises are unwilling to cooperate actively with the energy audit, the reported statistics data are always faked, the energy management systems of the enterprises are not perfect, the efficiency of energy conversion and energy consumption are low, the enterprises are often exist the phenomenon of wasting energy. Considering the problems which affect the reduction of energy consumption, we provide five solutions to strengthen the supervision and management of energy consumption, and to reduce the unnecessary energy waste.
Energy accounting
Consumption
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The powertrain framework and control strategy of a pure electric vehicle which uses storage cells as the power source are presented.The methods of matching powertrain parameters are described.The related parameters of storage cells,the motor and the gear ratio of the driveline are designed on the basis of theoretic and engineering analysis.Simulation of the matching is carried out,and efficiency of the powertrain and dynamic performance of the vehicle are confirmed,which shows that the matching methods are feasible.
Powertrain
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This paper investigates the integrated optimization of internal powertrain energy management and external vehicles coordination for multiple autonomous and connected hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Most existing research on hybrid vehicles powertrain energy management only considers a single vehicle scenario and is independent from vehicle coordination control. With the advancement of connected and autonomous vehicles, optimizing both the vehicle level coordination and powertrain level power management together can bring in substantial benefits in the overall energy efficiency. In this paper, to enable such an integrated optimization scheme, first, the models of the external vehicle level dynamics and internal powertrain dynamics are built for each vehicle. Second, by integrating the dynamics of these two interactive levels together, an augmented system is formed. Then, the HEVs energy management problem and the decentralized vehicle coordination for a set of HEVs are addressed in a unified framework using dynamic programming. The results show that, as a result of the integrated optimization, the vehicles are able to operate close to the most fuel-efficient region, and the battery can avoid being depleted or over charged while maintaining the same state of charge at the beginning and the end. Moreover, much less fuel consumption can be achieved for the driving cycle considered, compared with the separated optimization method.
Powertrain
State of charge
Hybrid vehicle
Driving cycle
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In order to manage energy utilization precisely in discrete manufactures and realize energy saving,energy management models were proposed firstly aiming at dispersive energy consumption and the problem of product energy consumption calculation.Energy requirement model,energy purchase model,energy storage model,energy use model,energy distribution model,and energy accounting model were included in the energy management models.Secondly the restriction relationships between energy model and manufacturing process were studied.Thirdly an energy information management system including an energy management tool,an energy consumption accounting tool and an energy consumption analysis tool was developed based on these models.Then the corresponding energy databases in discrete manufactures were designed to manage energy utilization precisely and efficiently in discrete manufactures.Finally practicability and effectiveness of the tools were verified by a case of the enterprise application.And the cost of enterprise operation was reduced obviously.
Energy accounting
Discrete manufacturing
Energy management system
Consumption
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In this paper we propose a predictive energy management for a hybrid electric vehicle with compound power-split powertrain configuration. The strategy relies on information on the future driving trip provided by modern navigation systems. Based on this information a simplified optimal control problem is solved via an indirect variation of extremals algorithm to determine a feasible start value of the adjungated variable. The powertrain controls are then determined from offline calculated maps using the value of the adjungated variables, the current vehicle speed and the requested wheel-torque. The strategy is implemented into a model-based simulation environment and has shown fuel savings on real world driving cycles. It has proven to be real-time applicable and very robust against low accuracy of the predicted driving trip.
Powertrain
Model Predictive Control
Driving cycle
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In recent years, due to the more and more energy consumption of large public buildings, people increasingly focused on building energy saving. On account of huge energy consumption of large public buildings, we should take effective measure of energy saving management to reduce energy consumption and save resources. Based on investigating the situation of energy consumption of 20 typical large public buildings, this article analyzes and researches the issues of energy consumption of large public buildings and puts out the control measures and solving measures of huge energy consumption of large public buildings from two aspects of technical and management level by analyzing the reason causing high energy consumption. This article has guiding significance for energy saving management of large public buildings.
Consumption
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