Identification of High-Redshift Galaxy Overdensities in GOODS-N and GOODS-S
Jakob M. HeltonFengwu SunCharity WoodrumKevin HainlineChristopher N. A. WillmerMarcia RiekeG. H. RiekeStacey AlbertsDaniel J. EisensteinSandro TacchellaBrant RobertsonBenjamin D. JohnsonWilliam BakerRachana BhatawdekarAndrew J. BunkerZuyi ChenEiichi EgamiZhiyuan JiR. MaiolinoChris J. WillottJoris Witstok
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We conduct a systematic search for high-redshift galaxy overdensities at $4.9 < z_{\,\mathrm{spec}} < 8.9$ in both the GOODS-N and GOODS-S fields using JWST/NIRCam imaging from JADES and JEMS in addition to JWST/NIRCam wide field slitless spectroscopy from FRESCO. High-redshift galaxy candidates are identified using HST+JWST photometry spanning $\lambda = 0.4-5.0\ \mu\mathrm{m}$. We confirmed the redshifts for roughly a third of these galaxies using JWST/FRESCO spectroscopy over $\lambda = 3.9-5.0\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ through identification of either $\mathrm{H} \alpha$ or $\left[\mathrm{OIII}\right]\lambda5008$ around the best-fit photometric redshift. The rest-UV magnitudes and continuum slopes of these galaxies were inferred from the photometry: the brightest and reddest objects appear in more dense environments and thus are surrounded by more galaxy neighbors than their fainter and bluer counterparts, suggesting accelerated galaxy evolution within overdense environments. We find $17$ significant ($\delta_{\mathrm{gal}} \geq 3.04$, $N_{\mathrm{galaxies}} \geq 4$) galaxy overdensities across both fields ($7$ in GOODS-N and $10$ in GOODS-S), including the two highest redshift spectroscopically confirmed galaxy overdensities to date at $\left< z_{\mathrm{\,spec}} \right> = 7.955$ and $\left< z_{\mathrm{\,spec}} \right> = 8.222$ (representing densities around $\sim 6$ and $\sim 12$ times that of a random volume). We estimate the total halo mass of these large-scale structures to be $11.5 \leq \mathrm{log}_{10}\left(M_{\mathrm{halo}}/M_{\odot}\right) \leq 13.4$ using an empirical stellar mass to halo mass relation, which are likely underestimates as a result of incompleteness. These protocluster candidates are expected to evolve into massive galaxy clusters with $\mathrm{log}_{10}\left(M_{\mathrm{halo}}/M_{\odot}\right) \gtrsim 14$ by $z = 0$.Cite
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We investigate redshift distributions of three long burst samples, with the first sample containing 131 long bursts with observed redshifts, the second including 220 long bursts with pseudo-redshifts calculated by the variability-luminosity relation, and the third including 1194 long bursts with pseudo-redshifts calculated by the lag-luminosity relation, respectively. In the redshift range 0–1 the Kolmogorov–Smirnov probability of the observed redshift distribution and that of the variability-luminosity relation is large. In the redshift ranges 1–2, 2–3, 3–6.3 and 0–37, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov probabilities of the redshift distribution from lag-luminosity relation and the observed redshift distribution are also large. For the GRBs, which appear both in the two pseudo-redshift burst samples, the KS probability of the pseudo-redshift distribution from the lag-luminosity relation and the observed reshift distribution is 0.447, which is very large. Based on these results, some conclusions are drawn: i) the V-Liso relation might be more believable than the τ-Liso relation in low redshift ranges and the τ-Liso relation might be more real than the V-Liso relation in high redshift ranges; ii) if we do not consider the redshift ranges, the τ-Liso relation might be more physical and intrinsical than the V-L iso relation.
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In the redshift range z= 0–1, the gamma-ray burst (GRB) redshift distribution should increase rapidly because of increasing differential volume sizes and strong evolution in the star formation rate (SFR). This feature is not observed in the Swift redshift distribution and to account for this discrepancy a dominant bias, independent of the Swift sensitivity, is required. Furthermore, despite rapid localization, about 50 per cent of Swift and pre-Swift GRBs do not have an observed optical afterglow and 60–70 per cent of GRBs are lacking redshifts. We employ a heuristic technique to extract this redshift bias using 69 GRBs localized by Swift with redshifts determined from absorption or emission spectroscopy. For the Swift and HETE+BeppoSAX redshift distributions, the best model fit to the bias at z < 1 implies that if GRB rate evolution follows the SFR, the bias cancels this rate increase. We find that the same bias is affecting both Swift and HETE+BeppoSAX measurements similarly at z < 1. Using a bias model constrained at a 98 per cent Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) probability, we find that 72 per cent of GRBs at z < 2 will not have measurable redshifts and about 55 per cent at z > 2. To achieve this high KS probability requires increasing the GRB rate density at small z compared to the high-z rate. This provides further evidence for a low-luminosity population of GRBs that are observed in only a small volume because of their faintness.
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We report the first comparative study of strong Mg ii absorbers (Wr ≥ 1.0 Å) seen towards radio-loud quasars of core-dominated (CDQ) and lobe-dominated (LDQ) types and normal quasars (QSOs). The CDQ and LDQ samples were derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 after excluding known ‘broad-absorption-line’ quasars and blazars. The Mg ii associated absorption systems having a velocity offset v < 5000 km s−1 from the systemic velocity of the background quasar were also excluded. Existing spectroscopic data for redshift-matched sightlines of 3975 CDQs and 1583 LDQs, covering an emission redshift range 0.39–4.87, were analysed and 864 strong Mg ii absorbers were found, covering the redshift range 0.45–2.17. The conclusions reached using this well-defined large data set of strong Mg ii absorbers are (i) the number density, dN/dz, towards CDQs shows a small, marginally significant excess (∼9 per cent at 1.5σ significance) over the estimate available for QSOs; (ii) in the redshift space, this difference is reflected in terms of a 1.6σ excess of dN/dz over the QSOs, within the narrow redshift interval 1.2–1.8; (iii) the dN/dβ distribution (with β = v/c) for CDQs shows a significant excess (at 3.75σ level) over the distribution found for a redshift- and luminosity-matched sample of QSOs, at β in the range 0.05–0.1. This leads us to infer that a significant fraction of strong Mg ii absorption systems seen in this offset velocity range are probably associated with the CDQs and might be accelerated into the line of sight by their powerful jets and/or due to the accretion-disc outflows close to our direction. Support to this scenario comes from a consistency check in which we consider only the spectral range corresponding to β > 0.2. The computed redshift distribution for strong Mg ii absorbers towards CDQs now shows excellent agreement with that known for QSOs, as indeed is expected for purely intervening absorption systems. Thus, it appears that for CDQs (and blazars) the associated strong Mg ii absorbers can be seen at much larger velocities relative to the nucleus than the commonly adopted upper limit of 5000 km s−1.
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The variability of gamma-ray burst (GRB) is thought to be correlated with its absolute peak luminosity, and this relation had been used to derive an estimate of the redshifts of GRBs. Recently Amati et al. presented the results of spectral and energetic properties of several GRBs with known redshifts. Here we analyse the properties of two group GRBs, one group with known redshift from afterglow observation, and another group with redshift derived from the luminosity - variability relation. We study the redshift dependence of various GRBs features in their cosmological rest frames, including the burst duration, the isotropic luminosity and radiated energy, and the peak energy $E_p$ of $\nu F_\nu$ spectra. We find that, for these two group GRBs, their properties are all redshift dependent, i.e. their intrinsic duration, luminosity, radiated energy and peak energy $E_p$, are all correlated with the redshift, which means that there are cosmological evolution effects on gamma-ray bursts features, and this can provide an interesting clue to the nature of GRBs. If this is true, then the results also imply that the redshift derived from the luminosity - variability relation may be reliable.
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We use a halo occupation approach to connect Mg ii absorbers to dark matter halos as a function of redshift. Using the model constructed in Tinker & Chen, we parameterize the conditional probability of an absorber of equivalent width Wr being produced by a halo of mass Mh at a given redshift, P(Wr|Mh, z). We constrain the free parameters of the model by matching the observed statistics of Mg ii absorbers: the frequency function f(Wr), the redshift evolution n(z), and the clustering bias bW. The redshift evolution of Wr ⩾ 1 Å absorbers increases from z = 0.4 to z = 2, while the total halo cross section decreases monotonically with redshift. This discrepancy can only be explained if the gaseous halos evolve with respect to their host halos. We make predictions for the clustering bias of absorbers as a function of redshift under different evolutionary scenarios, e.g., the gas cross section per halo evolves or the halo mass scale of absorbers changes. We demonstrate that the relative contribution of these scenarios may be constrained by measurements of absorber clustering at z ≳ 1 and z ∼ 0.1. If we further assume a redshift-independent mass scale for efficient shock heating of halo gas of Mcrit = 1011.5 h−1 M☉, absorber evolution is predominantly caused by a changing halo mass scale of absorbers. Our model predicts that strong absorbers always arise in ∼Mcrit halos, independent of redshift, but the mass scale of weak absorbers decreases by 2 dex from 0 < z < 2. Thus, the measured anti-correlation of clustering bias and Wr should flatten by z ∼ 1.5.
Halo mass function
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The variability of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) is thought to be correlated with its absolute peak luminosity, and this relation had been used to derive an estimate of the redshifts of GRBs. Recently, Amati et al. presented the results of spectral and energetic properties of several GRBs with known redshifts. Here, we analyse the properties of two groups of GRBs: one group with known redshift from afterglow observation and another group with redshift derived from the luminosity–variability relation. We study the redshift dependence of various GRBs features in their cosmological rest frames, including the burst duration, the isotropic luminosity and radiated energy, and the peak energy Ep of νFν spectra. We find that, for these two groups of GRBs, their properties are all redshift-dependent, i.e. their intrinsic duration, luminosity, radiated energy and peak energy Ep are all correlated with the redshift, which means that there are cosmological evolution effects on gamma-ray burst features, and this can provide an interesting clue to the nature of GRBs. If this is true, then the results also imply that the redshift derived from the luminosity–variability relation may be reliable.
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A simple physical model for long-duration gamma ray bursts (GRBs) is used to fit the redshift (z) and the jet opening-angle distributions measured with earlier GRB missions and with Swift. The effect of different sensitivities for GRB triggering is sufficient to explain the difference in the z distributions of the pre-Swift and Swift samples, with mean redshifts of ~1.5 and ~2.7, respectively. Assuming that the emission properties of GRBs do not change with time, we find that the data can only be fitted if the comoving rate-density of GRB sources exhibits positive evolution to z >~ 3-5. The mean intrinsic beaming factor of GRBs is found to range from ~34-42, with the Swift average opening half-angle <\theta_j> ~10 degree, compared to the pre-Swift average of <\theta_j> ~7 degree. Within the uniform jet model, the GRB luminosity function is proportional to L^{-3.25}_*, as inferred from our best fit to the opening angle distribution. Because of the unlikely detection of several GRBs with z <~ 0.25, our analysis indicates that low redshift GRBs represent a different population of GRBs than those detected at higher redshifts. Neglecting possible metallicity effects on GRB host galaxies, we find that ~1 GRB occurs every 600,000 yrs in a local L_* spiral galaxy like the Milky Way. The fraction of high-redshift GRBs is estimated at 8-12% and 2.5-6% at z >= 5 and z >= 7, respectively, assuming continued positive evolution of the GRB rate density to high redshifts.
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We collect a sample of 381 (271 type I) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with XMM-Newton observations for an analysis of the dependence of Fe Kα profiles on redshifts to test the potential cosmological evolution of spins of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). The sample spans a redshift range of z = 0.0008 −4.76, which allows us to rebin the sample into 7 redshift groups. Phenomenological analysis of the Fe profile suggested that the line width (σ) of the narrow or broad Fe line does not show significant changes in redshift range z < 0.3. Using a physical model, we significantly detect a narrow Fe Kα line at 6.4 keV with an average equivalent width (EW) = 160 eV except for the two largest redshift bins. The EW of the Fe line does not show significant changes. We also find a relativistic broad line in three redshift bins (z < 0.116, 0.056 < z < 0.12 and 0.12 < z < 0.3) with an average EW = 522 eV.
Line (geometry)
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Equivalent width
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