Experimental investigations on the repeated low velocity impact and compression‐after‐impact behaviors of woven glass fiber reinforced composite laminates
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Abstract In this paper, the repeated low velocity impact responses and compression‐after‐impact (CAI) behaviors of woven glass fiber‐reinforced composite laminates were studied at the same total impact energy. Three types of impact energies, 30, 40, and 60 J, were chosen for the repeated impact tests relative to the single 120 J impact event. The impact behaviors including impact contact force–displacement and energy–time curves during the impact testing were recorded. The variations of the impact mechanical characteristics such as peak impact force, maximum displacement, and energy absorption were evaluated. The methods of visual inspection and stereo microscope were applied to identify the damage morphology of the impacted laminates. The damage accumulation was evaluated employing the absorbed energy fraction and normalized maximum displacement. It was found that the influences of impact energy on the repeated impact mechanical response are more remarkable than that of the impact number, and the impact events with fewer impact numbers cause more damage to the laminates for the same accumulative impact energy. Furthermore, the load–displacement and the CAI strength versus impact number curves were compared for the CAI testing. The ultimate load and the resulted CAI strength decrease with the increase of impact number owing to the influence of damage accumulation in repeated impacts. Highlights Repeated impact responses were studied at the same total impact energy. The impact energy makes significant influence on the impact dynamic responses. The impact events with fewer impact numbers cause more damage to the composites. The CAI behavior was explored considering the effect of damage accumulation. The CAI strength of damaged laminates decreases with impact number increasing.Keywords:
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This research is impact testing using the Charpy and Izod methods, temperature variations of 1500 C, 2500 C and raw material as the research variable. The results of the Charpy test with a variation of 150 0C obtained a maximum absorbed energy of 97.65 J, with an impact value of 0.222 J/mm2. Then the maximum energy absorbed through testing at a temperature of 2500C is 78.28 Joules and the impact value is 0.177 J/mm2. Furthermore, the raw material test results showed that the maximum energy absorbed was 145.96 J with an impact value of 0.330 J/mm2. Izod testing with a temperature of 1500C obtained a maximum absorbed energy of 60.94 J with an impact value of 0.101 J/mm2. Furthermore, the maximum energy absorbed at a temperature of 2500C is 36.83 Joules and the impact value is 0.061 J/mm2. The raw material test results show that the maximum energy that can be absorbed is 80.53 J with an impact price of 0.133 J/mm2
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The izod impact energy of recycled low density polyethene composite filled with date palm wood fiber was achieved using a fuzzy logic model. The composite was tested with different percentages of 2 to 30% by weight of filler and with grain sizes of 150µm to 300µm. The izod impact energy experimental results obtained for the 2% filler by weight of the particle sizes were 1.46kj/m, 1.49kj/m, 1.52kj/m, and 1.55kj/m. The model developed predicted values of 1.55kj/m, 1.49kj/m, 1.52kj/m and 1.46kj/m. Comparison of the experimental and predicted results indicate little or no significant variation.. The results show that the coefficient of correlation (R) of all the predictions was above 0.999. This confirms the ability of the model as a substitute for prediction of the izod impact energy of LDPE filled with date palm wood flour.
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Wood flour
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Because of the limitations that are experienced when trying to perform Charpy and Izod impact tests, the drop weight impact test is preferred over the more conventional impact methods to determine whether the material is brittle or ductile. The drop weight impact technique indicates the conditions under which real-life components would be subject to impact loading. In this study, a drop-weight impact instrument has been designed and manufactured using a dropping weight which impacts the specimens, falls through a perpendicular guide tube with a high range of impact energy levels. Force - deformation and acceleration –time graphs, could be determined by using various sensor systems were installed to calculate the impactor's velocity and the magnitude of the impact force. Consequently, the energy absorption of different materials can be measured and the damage resistance could be indicated.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the impact behaviors of sandwich structures. These sandwich structures are made of cross-plied E-glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite faces with polyurethane foam core. GFRP composites are used to combine the upper face and the lower face through the core in stitched sandwich structures. Three impact conditions are considered, such as the Izod impact, Charpy impact and weight drop impact. The results show that weight drop impact energy is higher than the Izod and Charpy impact energy, where as dynamic fracture toughness of charpy impact energy is more than the izod and weight drop impact energy due to geometry of impactor and specimen.
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Using the melt impregnation device,long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene were produced. Effect of PP-g-GMA on the mechanical properties of the long glass fiber reinforced composite was studied. The results showed that PP-g-GMA affected mechanical properties of long glass fiber reinforced PP composites;when the content of PP-g-GMA was 1%,PP/LGF composites obtained the best mechanical properties,tensile strength,flexural strength and Notched Izod impact strength increased respectively by 32.34%,27.38%and 74.51%.
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In order to further study the impact crushing mechanism of cement clinker, the impact experiment has been carried out at different impact angles. Impact crushing curves, acoustic emission signal and peak impact force and impact fracture morphology have been systematically studied. It is shown that each impact crushing curve includes an inertia peak and an actual impact peak. AE signal directly reflects the crack initiation and propagation during the process of impact experiment. With the increase of impact angle, the average value of peak impact force decreases. The peak impact force value reaches the minimum at 75 °. The experiment results will offer a successful alternative to the low – energy grinding of cement clinker.
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To investigate the low-speed impact response of the BR1200HS steel and AA6082 aluminum alloy self-piercing riveted (SPR) joint, low-speed impact tests with impact energies of 2.5 J, 5.0 J, 7.5 J, 10.0 J, 12.5 J, 15.0 J, 20.0 J, and 30.0 J were conducted utilizing a drop hammer impact tester. The results show that with the increased impact energy, the visual breakages of the SPR joints become more severe. The maximum impact energy the joints can sustain ranges from 10.0 J to 12.5 J. When the impact energy is less than 12.5 J, the contact force/energy–time curves show similar variations. Moreover, as the impact energy increases, total uptake energy value (Et), maximum uptake energy value (Ef), and maximum contact force (Fm) of the joints increase gradually. The low-speed impact energy has little effect on the maximum static tensile force of the impacted joints. However, the residual energy values decrease with the increase in impact energy. The tensile failure form of the joints is the pulling out of the rivets from the lower plates, and the low-speed impacts have no significant effect on the tensile failure form of the joints.
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