A prospective bacterial whole-genome-sequencing-based surveillance programme for comprehensive early detection of healthcare-associated infection transmission in paediatric oncology patients
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Bacterial genome size
Molecular Epidemiology
With keyboards gravitating towards thinner designs (shorter key travel distances) it is important to understand how these short travel keyboards may affect typing performance, typing forces and operator comfort. Using 15 subjects (7 males, 8 females), we wanted to determine whether there were differences in typing performance when computer operators typed on three keyboards with the same activation force (0.6 N) but with different key travel distances (2.0mm, 2.5mm and 4.0mm). During a 15 minute typing session on each keyboard, typing performance (speed and accuracy), typing forces and perceived fatigue ratings were measured. There were no differences in typing speed (p = 0.39), typing accuracy (p = 0.33) or keystroke durations (p = 0.15) across the three keyboards. However, typing force differences were measured (p < 0.003) with the longest travel keyboard (4.0mm) having higher mean and peak forces compared to the shorter travel keyboards (2.0 and 2.5 mm). These findings indicate that there is no apparent detriment in physical exposure or typing performance when using shorter travel keyboards.
Keystroke logging
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Concordance
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Objective: The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of typing speed and accuracy according to 4 different typing aids on computer keyboard and mouse use.Method: The subjects of this study were 11 of C6∼C7 complete injury patients who had been over six months after injury, and four style of the typing aids, finger, slip-on, band, and modified finger, were used in this study. Each data of typing aid was collected by measuring typing speed and accuracy and analysed with SPSS 10.0.Results: The measured result according to 4 typing aids in typing speed showed that a modified finger typing aid was 41.09 as the highest performance and a bend typing aid was 33.27 as the lowest performance. The typing speed through styles was statistically significant(p 0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that modified typing aid seems to be the most efficient among four style of typing aids. Thus, modified typing aid can be an available typing aid having both functional and cosmetic factor for C6∼C7 complete injured patients. In the future use of the modified typing aid should be needed much more as well as its reevaluation should be performed.
Tissue typing
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Group A streptococcal infections among the Aboriginal communities of the Northern Territory of Australia are endemic, with a concurrently high rate of the postinfection sequelae of rheumatic fever and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. The majority of the group A streptococcal isolates from the Northern Territory are not typeable by M typing. We recently developed a novel genotyping method, Vir typing. A preliminary study using this method discriminated all the M-nontypeable (MNT) isolates. Vir typing is based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the 4- to 7-kb Vir regulon of group A streptococci, which contains a number of genes, including emm (the gene for M protein). A total of 407 isolates of group A streptococci obtained from four Aboriginal communities over a 4-year period were typed by this genotyping method. Forty-two distinct genotypes were found among the isolates, including 22 among the MNT isolates. The correlation between Vir type and M type was good. This genotyping method allows the characterization of all group A streptococcal isolates from Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory. We also propose that Vir typing be used in conjunction with M typing for epidemiological surveillance in geographical regions where the majority of isolates are MNT.
Molecular Epidemiology
Group A
Group B
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This article explores the relationship between repetition/typing speed and force in keyboarding. Based on analysis of data collected on the job from professional keyboard operators and experimental laboratory data, the following observations are presented: (1) Individuals typing at preferred speeds tend not to exhibit a relationship between typing speed and average peak force; (2) across individuals typing at preferred speeds, there is no relationship between typing speed and force; (3) when an individual's typing speed is affected by external influences, typing force tends to increase or decrease with similar changes in typing speed.
Repetition (rhetorical device)
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Summary Individual tests of a virus antigen against an array of typing sera can be replaced by tests against a small number of pools of these sera. The serum pools yield combinations of results specific for each type according to the distribution of the sera in the pools. The procedure for constructing such “combination pools” is described. Typing sera for 24 enteroviruses (18 ECHO and 6 Coxsackie) were distributed by this procedure into seven pools of sera. Prototype viruses tested by a single neutralization test against these seven pools gave results specific for each type. The results obtained by using these pools in typing new virus isolates are presented. The method has been successfully applied to the typing of new virus isolates.
Echo (communications protocol)
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For infectious diseases, molecular epidemiology can be defined as the use of molecular (predominantly genetic) methods to distinguish between strains of a microbial pathogen in order to identify markers of virulence or host range or to elucidate different transmission pathways. In this regard, molecular epidemiological methods have the same objectives as other typing methods that have been in use for several decades. The characteristics of a good typing method are typability, reproducibility and discriminatory power. There have been significant advances in typing methods for Cryptosporidium spp. in recent years. The first advances were for methods to distinguish the different species, predominantly C. parvum from C. hominis. More recently, microsatellite markers have been used to distinguish different strains within these two species. Microsatellite typing of C. parvum is sufficiently discriminatory to be useful, although more information is needed to determine reproducibility. Typing methods for C. hominis are not yet sufficiently discriminatory for general use. Molecular typing methods for Giardia are not yet well developed and have not been used in well-designed epidemiological studies.
Molecular Epidemiology
Giardia
Cryptosporidium parvum
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An assessment of three simple methods of typing Proteus strains is described. The methods chosen were biochemical typing, bacteriocine typing, and typing by means of the Dienes phenomenon. Dienes typing was deemed to be superior to biochemical typing and bacteriocine typing. A brief discussion on the relationship between the Dienes phenomenon and bacteriocine production is appended.
Tissue typing
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[Purpose] This study showed the effects of different computer typing speeds on acceleration and peak contact pressure of the fingertips during computer typing. [Subjects] Twenty-one male computer workers voluntarily consented to participate in this study. They consisted of 7 workers who could type 200–300 characteristics/minute, 7 workers who could type 300–400 characteristics/minute, and 7 workers who could type 400–500 chracteristics/minute. [Methods] This study was used to measure the acceleration and peak contact pressure of the fingertips for different typing speed groups using an accelerometer and CONFORMat system. [Results] The fingertip contact pressure was increased in the high typing speed group compared with the low and medium typing speed groups. The fingertip acceleration was increased in the high typing speed group compared with the low and medium typing speed groups. [Conclusion] The results of the present study indicate that a fast typing speed cause continuous pressure stress to be applied to the fingers, thereby creating pain in the fingers.
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Typing styles vary among keyboard users; however few studies have investigated the association between typing style and typing speed. The purpose of this paper is to describe the differences in typing speed between typists who rarely assume extreme postures of the wrist, hands, and fingers with typists who often assume extreme postures. The paper also examines the association between other typing behaviors, such as using a wrist support, and typing speed. Forty computer users were videotaped while typing a standardized text. Their typing postures were rated using the Keyboard Personal Computer Style instrument (K-PeCS). One-way ANOVA's were used to compare typing speed between the rating levels of several items on the K-PeCS. Results suggest that those who frequently isolate their 5 th digit are significantly faster than those who always isolate their 5 th digit. Subjects who “float” their wrists, translate their wrist/hands, do not change pro-nation angles, use moderate to high force, and use more digits appear to type faster than those who do not.
Numerical digit
Association (psychology)
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