Proton Exchange Membrane with Excellent Proton Conductivity and Superior Stability for Application at High Operating Temperatures
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Elevating the operating temperature can effectively improve the electrode reaction and reduce the mass transfer resistance of a fuel cell caused by a double-phase fluid. Here, a copolymer containing imidazole groups and phosphonic acid groups is designed and prepared, and then, a novel proton exchange membrane (PEM) that possesses an interpenetrating polymer network structure and consists of the copolymer and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) is obtained. Owing to the formed acid–base cross-linking structure, the membrane has a more compact structure, and its dimensional stability and gas permeability are significantly improved. The phosphonic acid and imidazole groups with excellent water retention ability improve the continuity of the hydrophilic region of the PEM, and the continuous acid–base pairs weaken the water dependence of proton conductivity; therefore, the prepared PEM exhibits excellent proton conductivity under high temperature conditions. Under high operating temperatures, a single cell based on the prepared PEM exhibits low impedance and excellent polarization performance; hence, it can operate stably above 100 °C. This paper provides a method to prepare an acid–base composite membrane that is promising for application at low humidity and across a range of temperature zones.Keywords:
Imidazole
Operating temperature
Membrane electrode assembly
Operating temperature
Degradation
Phosphoric acid
Performance Prediction
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Temperature is one of the important operating conditions of PEMFC.According to research,the performance of PEMFC increases as the operating temperature increases.However,because of the limit of the material of membrane,catalyst and so on,the present PEMFC widely used operates at low temperature(below 80 ℃).But HT-PEMFC has been studied for a long time by some institutes.The advantages and the present research of HT-PEMFC were introduced in the article and the future developing trends were summarized.
Operating temperature
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The operating parameters of PEM fuel cells are investigated so as to improve their performance and stability,decrease their cost and promote their practicality.The performance and power density of PEM fuel cells,whose effective reaction area is 4 cm×4 cm,are tested by fuel cell test station.The effects of the fuel cell operating temperature and reaction gas humidification temperature on the performance and power density of PEM fuel cells are analyzed.The experimental results show that the performance of PEM fuel cells improves with the increase of the humidification temperature when the humidification temperature is below cell temperature;for high current density,the performance of PEM fuel cells decreases with the increase of humidification temperature when the humidification temperature is above cell temperature;the performance of PEM fuel cells increases with the increase of the cell temperature when the cell temperature is below the humidification temperature;the performance of PEM fuel cells decreases with the increase of the cell temperature when the cell temperature is above the humidification temperature.When the humidification temperature is equal to the cell temperature at 70℃,the performance of PEM fuel cell is optimum.The experimental results are very helpful to optimize the performance of PEM fuel cell.
Operating temperature
Power density
Direct-ethanol fuel cell
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Bipolar plate for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell was fabricated with various materials and characterized by different techniques. Two types of gas flow fields, serpentine & parallel, were designed for bipolar plates and their effect on the functioning of fuel cells was investigated. Pressure drop between the two designs, at inlet and outlet of gases was different and its effect was reported. In the fabrication process of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), the platinum catalyst was synthesized in the laboratory and this catalyst was deposited on the Nafion membrane with the help of ionomer emulsion. Then gas diffusion layers were placed on both sides of the membrane. Different MEAs versions (imported and indigenous) were assembled and tested in the fuel cells and their efficiency was evaluated in terms of current, voltage and power. A fuel cell test stand was developed to operate and test the working of single cell and fuel cell stack is also described. Polarization curves were drawn to evaluate the performance of fuel cells. These studies are directed at the development of different fuel cell components which are tested under the same conditions for comparison.
Membrane electrode assembly
Nafion
Ionomer
Gaseous diffusion
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Nafion
Membrane electrode assembly
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Membrane electrode assembly
Gaseous diffusion
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The purpose of the paper is to test the impact of different operating temperature on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell,create the systematic experimental data under different operating temperature,and theoretically research into the interrelationship between the temperatures.By the testing system of PEM fuel cell monomer,experiments with different cell temperature,different anode and cathode humidification temperatures have been carried out.Results of experimental data are transacted by origin software,applications to the cell polarization curves on the different temperatures was gained.Thus the pictures visually describe experimental results.Conclusions are drawn as follows:fixing all the other operating parameters in addition to the temperatures,the impacting sequence of the fuel cell temperature and the humidification temperature of the cathode and anode to fuel cell performance is also fixed.Under low current density,operating temperature does not affect fuel cell performance,but only geometric parameters do.There exists two transitional zones in the cell polarization curve,the transitional zones emerge by certain rules.There are mutual restricting relationships between the three operating temperatures of fuel cell.
Operating temperature
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An extended and reliable lifetime of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells is inevitable for the commercialization of this technology in the near future. Therefore, components of the high temperature-proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC), such as the bipolar plates (BPPs) and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), are investigated regarding degradation phenomena during constant cell operation with use of contaminated air in the cathode feed. µ-computed tomography (µ-CT) is applied to visualize morphological changes due to this operation and to analyse each component individually on the micro meter scale. The thickness of each MEA layer is determined and correlated to results from electrochemical measurements. Furthermore the open porosity of the bipolar plates is determined and compared to phosphoric acid retention of the cell.
Membrane electrode assembly
Degradation
Phosphoric acid
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Abstract Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), based on commercial catalyst‐coated membranes combined with various gas diffusion layers (GDLs) on anode and cathode, were studied in terms of their specific advantages for different operations regimes of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs.) It is verified that MEAs with optimized gas diffusion layer designs (backing and micro‐porous layers) on anode and cathode are able to provide improved cell performance combined with a largely reduced sensitivity towards changes in the relative humidity as compared to MEAs with symmetrical gas diffusion layer configuration.
Membrane electrode assembly
Gaseous diffusion
Diffusion layer
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In this study, we prepare membrane electrode assembly(MEA). Using Nafion-212 proton exchange membrane (PEM) and containing Pt-C (Pt deposited on carbon powder support; with 40 wt% Pt content) and chloroplatinic acid catalyst solution. Three different structures of MEAs are prepared including: (1) five layer MEA in which a PEM is located in the middle with two Pt-C catalyst layer being attached on both outside surfaces of the PEM and two gas diffusion layers (GDLs) attaching on the outside surfaces of Pt-C layers; (2) seven layer MEA in which PEM is in the middle of the whole structure with two Pt-C layers on both outside surfaces of the PEM, and two H2PtCl6 reduced Pt particle layers on the outside surfaces of Pt-C layers. We find that the seven layer MEA with total Pt loadings of 0.2 mg/cm2 at anode and 0.4 mg/cm2 at cathode has a best fuel cell performance.
Chloroplatinic acid
Nafion
Membrane electrode assembly
Particle (ecology)
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