Esculeoside A Decreases Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Streptozotocin-Treated Rats by Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Apoptosis: Impressive Role of Nrf2
Jozaa Z. AlTamimiNora A. AlFarisGhedeir M. AlshammariReham I. AlagalDalal H. AljabrynMohammed Abdo Yahya
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Background and Objectives: This experiment evaluated the preventative influence of the tomato-derived Esculeoside A (ESA) on diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). It also examined whether the activation of Nrf2 signaling affords this protection. Materials and Methods: Adult male Wistar control nondiabetic rats and rats with T1DM (STZ-T1DM) were given either carboxymethylcellulose as a vehicle or ESA (100 mg/kg) (eight rats/group) orally daily for 12 weeks. A group of STZ-T1DM rats was also treated with 100 mg/kg ESA and co-treated i.p. with 2 mg/kg (twice/week), brusatol, and Nrf2 inhibitors for 12 weeks. Results and Conclusions: Treatment with ESA prevented the gain in heart weight and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and improved the left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function (LV) in the STZ-T1DM rat group. Likewise, it reduced their serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c), as well as their LV mRNA, cytoplasmic total, and nuclear total levels of NF-κB. ESA also reduced the total levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukine-6 (IL-6), Bax, cytochrome-c, and caspase-3 in the LV of the STZ-T1DM rats. In parallel, ESA enhanced the nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of Nrf2 and the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and heme oxygenase-1, but decreased the mRNA and cytoplasmic levels of keap-1 in the LVs of the STZ-T1DM rats. Interestingly, ESA did not affect the fasting insulin and glucose levels of the diabetic rats. All of these beneficially protective effects of ESA were not seen in the ESA-treated rats that received brusatol. In conclusion, ESA represses diabetic cardiomyopathy in STZ-diabetic hearts by activating the Nrf2/antioxidant/NF-κB axis.Keywords:
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Malondialdehyde
The aim of this study was to establish and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of malondialdehyde in seminal plasma in smokers and non-smokers and to find possible differences between the two groups.Malondialdehyde is used as a diagnostic marker of lipid peroxidation and indicator of oxidative stress. Smoking is suspected to be responsible for an increase in its level. Malondialdehyde has been thought to have cytotoxic and damaging effects.Semen samples were obtained from male partners of couples requesting a fertility evaluation. Malondialdehyde was derivatized with 2-thiobarbituric acid. The malondialdehyde-2-thiobarbituric acid complex was determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The mobile phase consisted of 20% ethanol in 25-mmol/L potassium dihydrogenphosphate (v/v), pH 6.00 ± 0.05.Analytical performance was satisfactory. Malondialdehyde levels were as follows: 1.50 ± 0.55 µmol/L in all patients, 1.40 ± 0.57 µmol/L in smokers, and 1.50 ± 0.53 µmol/L in non-smokers.The method presented here is sensitive and accurate for seminal plasma malondialdehyde determination. Our results showed a relationship between sperm motility and the malondialdehyde level in all patients and non-smokers. Malondialdehyde may induce poor sperm functionality and negatively affect the fertilization processes (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 23).
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연구목적：임신 제3삼분기에서 임신성 고혈압의 병인론으로 제기되는 산화제와 항산화제의 활성도를 평가하기 위하여 정상 임신 및 임신성 고혈압 임신부의 혈액에서 산화계는 유리기에 의한 지질과산화의 정도로 malondialdehyde, 유리기의 제거에 관여하는 항산화계는 항산화효소인 superoxide dismutase와 총 항산화제의 활성을 측정, 비교 평가하고자 하였다. 방법：21명의 건강한 정상 임신부를 대조군으로, 22명의 건강한 비 임신부와 18명의 임신성고혈압 임신부를 대상군으로 하여 임신 제 3 삼분기에서 혈액을 채취하여 산화계는 지질과산화산물인 malondialdehyde, 항산화계는 superoxide dismutase와 총 항산화제를 측정하여 비교하였다. 고혈압이 지질과산화에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 임신부의 malondialdehyde 농도와 수축기 및 이완기 혈압과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 결과：Malondialdehyde는 임신성 고혈압군에서 정상 임신군보다 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). Superoxide dismutase는 임신성 고혈압군에서 정상 임신군보다 유의하게 감소하였으나(p<0.05), 총 항산화제는 양 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 임신부에서 혈중 malondialdehyde와 수축기 및 이완기 혈압 사이에서 높은 양의 상관관계가 있었다(r=0.475, r=0.546, p<0.05). 결론：임신성 고혈압에서 지질과산화의 최종산물인 malondialdehyde 증가와 항산화효소 특히 superoxide dismutase의 감소가 임신성 고혈압의 병태생리에 관여한다고 생각된다.
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In this study, we investigated the effects of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes on antioxidant-like protein-1 immunoreactivity, protein carbonyl levels, and malondialdehyde formation, a marker for lipid peroxidation, in the hippocampus. For this study, streptozotocin (75 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into adult rats to induce type 1 diabetes. The three experimental parameters were determined at 2, 3, 4 weeks after streptozotocin treatment. Fasting blood glucose levels significantly increased by 20.7–21.9 mM after streptozotocin treatment. The number of antioxidant-like protein-1 immunoreactive neurons significantly decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region, but not the dentate gyrus, 3 weeks after streptozotocin treatment compared to the control group. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels, which are modified by oxidative stress, significantly increased with a peak at 3 weeks after malondialdehyde treatment, and then decreased 4 weeks after malondialdehyde treatment. These results suggest that neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region, but not the dentate gyrus, are susceptible to oxidative stress 3 weeks after malondialdehyde treatment.
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Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
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Thirty-nine hens, 3 weeks of age, were divided into 6 groups with different treatment as follows ; group A with corn oil injection, group B with corn oil injection and cholesterol feeding, group C with injection of a malondialdehyde solution, group D with injection of malondialdehyde solution and administration of elaszym, group E with injection of malondialdehyde solution and cholesterol feeding and group F with injection of malondialdehyde solution, cholesterol feeding and administration of elaszym. Corn oil and 50% malondialdehyde in corn oil were subcutaneously injected at respective doses of 0.5 and 1ml per kg body weight 12 times for 4 weeks. A diet containing 1% cholesterol without supplementary fat was fed adlibitum. Elaszym was orally administered daily at a dose of 1,500 EU per Kg body weight. A slight increase of plasma cholesterol was seen in group B. A small number of degenerate cells were seen in groups A and B. The plasma malondialdehyde levels were markedly increased in groups C and E. The result of malondialdehyde injection was a significant increase in the number of degenerate cells without stainable lipid in the abdominal aorta from group C. The feeding of a cholesterol-containing diet in combination with molon-dialdehyde injection produced numerous degenerate cells with or without stainable lipid in the abdominal aorta from group E. The administration of elaszym decreased the tissue level of malondialdehyde and the frequency of degenerate cells with or without stainable lipid in the abdominal aortas from groups D and F.
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Background: The objective is to assess oxidative stress by measuring the concentration of malondialdehyde in HIV positive children and compare it with normal children (not suffering from any disease) of the same age group.Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we analysed malondialdehyde in 80 HIV positive children in the age group of 6-12 yrs from lower socio-economic strata and compared the values with 85 normal children not infected by any disease, of the same age group and similar socio-economic strata at L.T.M.M. College. Estimation of Malondialdehyde was carried out by using the method of SADASIVUDU by thiobarbituric acid reaction.Results: The level of Malondialdehyde was significantly higher in HIV positive children than in controls.Conclusions: The increased levels of Malondialdehyde confirm the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of this infection in children
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Vampirolepis nana is the only human tapeworm in which the intermediate host is not necessary and transmission is from person to person. In this study the changes of serum malondialdehyde level, that is, the oxidative stress hypothesis in patients infected with V. nana, was investigated.Serum malondialdehyde concentration activity was measured in 32 patients who were positive for intestinal parasite of V. nana. Levels were obtained for the positively infected patients and their age and gender were matched to 32 healthy controls.The difference between malondialdehyde levels of patients infected with V. nana and the control group was statistically significant both for females (P < 0.05) and males (P < 0.05). In the patient and control groups, no correlation was found between age and malondialdehyde levels both in females and males. In addition, no significant correlation could be found between malondialdehyde levels of both females and males for the patient and control groups.Malondialdehyde levels were clearly increased in the patients infected with V. nana.
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Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized as a coronary heart disease which expands during diabetes due to alterations in the myocardial function and structure. The currentstudy intends to elucidate the protective effect of gingerol on DCM in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) rat model.In this experimental study, the animals were divided into three groups: normal control, DM control, and DM+gingerol (10 mg/kg). The body weights of all rats were estimated at regular intervals. The myocardial profile, oxidative stress, and activities of metabolic enzymes were also scrutinized. The proinflammatory cytokine levels together with cellular protein expression connected with apoptosis were estimated via Western blot analysis.The rats that suffered from DCM exhibited abnormal levels of myocardial markers, aberrant metabolic enzymatic activity, elevated concentrations of inflammatory factors, and enhanced oxidative stress parameters along with increased cell death apoptosis. Whereas gingerol showed protective effects on the treated rats by an improved antioxidant defense system.The current findings suggested that gingerol is effective in the treatment of DCM by inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress.
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
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Lead is widely found in our environment. Human are exposed to this metal from numerous sources, including contaminated air, water, soil and food. There are many studies that have shown that lead causes oxidative stress by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species and reducing the anti-oxidant defense system. Lipid peroxidation increases because of impaired oxidant and anti-oxidant balance, measured by malondialdehyde levels. The current study investigates the effect of lead administration in various concentrations against lipid peroxidation. Twenty four male mice, 30-40 g body weight were divided into six groups. Group I served as control, group II to VI were given lead acetate at doses of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight respectively. After four weeks, plasma malondialdehyde levels and the number of erythrocytes were measured. An increase in plasma malondialdehyde levels observed in groups II to VI as compared with control, was not statistically significant (p=0,6). The increased plasma malondialdehyde levels in accordance to the increased concentration of lead administered, with the exception of group VI. The decrease in erythrocyte count observed in groups II to VI as compared with control, was not significant (p=0,1). Increased plasma malondialdehyde levels were negatively correlated with erythrocyte count (p=0,04). Lead interferes with physiological and biochemical functions related to oxidative stress. The trend to increased plasma malondialdehyde levels along with the decreased erythrocyte count as the dose of lead increased supports this statement.
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