Thermosensory thalamus: parallel processing across model organisms
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The thalamus acts as an interface between the periphery and the cortex, with nearly every sensory modality processing information in the thalamocortical circuit. Despite well-established thalamic nuclei for visual, auditory, and tactile modalities, the key thalamic nuclei responsible for innocuous thermosensation remains under debate. Thermosensory information is first transduced by thermoreceptors located in the skin and then processed in the spinal cord. Temperature information is then transmitted to the brain through multiple spinal projection pathways including the spinothalamic tract and the spinoparabrachial tract. While there are fundamental studies of thermal transduction via thermosensitive channels in primary sensory afferents, thermal representation in the spinal projection neurons, and encoding of temperature in the primary cortical targets, comparatively little is known about the intermediate stage of processing in the thalamus. Multiple thalamic nuclei have been implicated in thermal encoding, each with a corresponding cortical target, but without a consensus on the role of each pathway. Here, we review a combination of anatomy, physiology, and behavioral studies across multiple animal models to characterize the thalamic representation of temperature in two proposed thermosensory information streams.Keywords:
Spinothalamic tract
Stimulus modality
Sensory Processing
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Transduction (biophysics)
Sensory Substitution
Sensory Adaptation
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Spinothalamic tract
Forelimb
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Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may present sensory processing alterations that are specific to each environment in which they develop, inevitably impacting their daily functioning.Method: The aim of this study is to compare the different types of sensory modulation vulnerabilities (over-responsiveness, under-responsiveness, and sensory-seeking behavior) in different sensory modalities, between a group of children with ASD (n = 41) and a group of children with typical development (n = 38), in both the home and school environments. The sensory processing measure (SPM) was used to evaluate the children's sensory profile.Results: The ASD group obtained scores that indicate higher levels of dysfunction on all the assessed measures in both environments, with greater differences obtained in the school environment. Under-responsiveness was the sensory response that showed differences in all the sensory modalities and in both environments, whereas for over-responsiveness and sensory-seeking behavior, no differences were found for some of the sensory modalities in the home environment.Conclusions: Under-responsiveness could be the most prominent and exclusive sensory symptom of children with ASD, with the school being the environment where sensory differences seem to be noted to a greater extent.
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Sensory Processing
Modalities
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Abstract Introduction Occupational therapists use standardised scales and measures to assess an individual's sensory processing factors. To date, few studies have investigated the correlations between the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (A/ASP) and the Sensory Processing Measure 2–Adult Form (SPM‐2‐Adult). The aim of the project is to investigate the association between the sensory processing factors measured by the A/ASP and SPM‐2‐Adult when completed by the same group of adult participants, with an additional research question investigating whether any significant differences existed between sensory processing scores based on participants' self‐reported gender identity. Methods Forty‐two adults aged 18–30 completed the A/ASP and the SPM‐2‐Adult. Associations between the A/ASP quadrant and the SPM‐2‐Adult subscales were examined using Spearman's rho correlation coefficients, and differences between participants based on their self‐reported gender identity were investigated using Mann–Whitney U tests. Results Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the A/ASP Low Registration, Sensory Sensitivity, and Sensation Avoiding quadrant subscales and all nine of the SPM‐2‐Adult subscales ranging from weak (rho = 0.342, p < 0.027) to strong (rho = 0.790, p < 0.001) correlations. The A/ASP Sensation Seeking quadrant subscale was only significantly correlated with the SPM‐2‐Adult Social Participation subscale (rho = −0.416, p = 0.006). Three subscales had statistically significant differences based on gender identity: SPM‐2‐Adult Vision ( p = 0.007), SPM‐2‐Adult Sensory Total ( p = 0.048), and A/ASP Sensory Sensitivity ( p = 0.043). Consumer and Community Involvement Consumers and community members were not involved in the design, execution, or write‐up of the study results. Conclusion The A/ASP and the SPM‐2‐Adult had several subscales that were significantly correlated with one another. Of note, significant associations were achieved between the A/ASP Low Registration, Sensory Sensitivity, and Sensation Avoiding quadrant subscales and all nine of the SPM‐2‐Adult subscales. These findings make a significant preliminary contribution to the psychometric body of evidence related to the sensory processing assessment of adults.
Sensory Processing
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Spinothalamic tract
Sensation
Pain sensation
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목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 국내에서 개발된 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)를 사용하여 일반발달 아동과 감각처리문제 아동의 감각처리 능력을 비교하여 판별타당도를 알아보고자 하 였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 3-5세의 일반발달 아동 68명과 감각처리문제 아동 83명의 보호자로 총 151명 을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 참여에 동의한 아동의 보호자에게 연구의 목적과 방법을 설명한 후 연구목적, 동의서, 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children), 단축감각프로파일(Short Sensory Profile), 일반적 특성 문항을 포함한 설문지를 발송 또는 전달하여 자료를 수집하였다. 분석방법은 아동 감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 판별타당도를 알아보기 위해 성별을 공변량 으로 하여 공분산분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 연구결과 일반발달 아동과 감각처리문제 아동의 감각처리능력의 차이는 공변량인 성별의 영향(F=6.663, p=.807, partial =η2.000)을 받지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 두 군에서 감각처리능력에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(F=37.629, p=.000). 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 감각영역에 서 총점과 모든 감각 영역에서 감각처리문제 아동이 일반발달 아동보다 평균점수가 낮았으며, 고유감각 (p=.097) 영역을 제외하고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 감각 요소에서 감각과민반응, 감각저반응, 그리고 감각구별 요소에서 감각처리문제 아동과 일반발달 아동은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이(p=.000)가 있었으나 감각찾기 요소는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=.112). 결론 : 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)는 감각처리문제 아동을 선별할 수 있 는 판별타당도가 있는 도구로 제시할 수 있으며, 앞으로 임상 환경에서 감각처리의 문제를 선별하거나 분 석, 해석, 그리고 중재계획 시 사용할 수 있으리라 생각한다.
Sensory Processing
Sensory Analysis
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humanism /'hju:meniz(e)m/ n. an outlook or system of thought concerned with human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Albert Einstein, Isaac Asimov, E.M. Forster, Bertrand Russell, and Gloria Steinem all declared themselves humanists. What is humanism and why does it matter? Is there any doctrine every humanist must hold? If it rejects religion, what does it offer in its place? Have the twentieth century's crimes against humanity spelled the end for humanism?On Humanism is a timely and powerfully argued philosophical defence of humanism. It is also an impassioned plea that we turn to ourselves, not religion, if we want to answer Socrates' age-old question: what is the best kind of life to lead? Although humanism has much in common with science, Richard Norman shows that it is far from a denial of the more mysterious, fragile side of being human. He deals with big questions such as the environment, Darwinism and 'creation science', euthanasia and abortion, and then argues that it is ultimately through the human capacity for art, literature and the imagination that humanism is a powerful alternative to religious belief.Drawing on a varied range of examples from Aristotle to Primo Levi and the novels of Virginia Woolf and Graham Swift, On Humanism is a lucid and much needed reflection on this much talked about but little understood phenomenon.
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Primary (astronomy)
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Objective
Vascular lesions of the posterolateral thalamus typically result in a somatosensory syndrome in which some patients develop central neuropathic post-stroke pain (CPSP). Damage to the spinothalamic tract terminus is assumed to be a prerequisite for thalamic CPSP. At the nuclear level, it remains a matter of debate whether the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) or the posterior portion of the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo) constitutes the decisive lesion site. The hypothesis of the study was that lesion location in thalamic CPSP patients differs from that in thalamic stroke patients without pain, and the aim was to identify whether this difference comprises the VPL and/or the VMpo.Design
30 patients with chronic thalamic stroke and a persistent contralateral somatosensory syndrome were examined. CPSP patients (n=18) were compared with non-pain control patients. By coregistration of a digitised thalamic atlas with T1 weighted MR images, lesion clusters were allocated to the thalamic nuclei.Results
VPL was affected in both groups, but CPSP lesion clusters comprised the more posterior, inferior and lateral parts of the VPL compared with controls. Additional partial involvement of the VMpo was seen in only three pain patients. In three other pain patients, lesions involved neither the VPL nor the VMpo, but mainly affected the anterior pulvinar.Conclusion
This study specifies the role of the VPL in thalamic CPSP and shows that the posterolateratal and inferior parts in particular are critically lesioned in pain patients. In this thalamic subregion, afferents of the spinothalamic tract are known to terminate. In contrast, the data do not support a pivotal impact of the VMpo on thalamic CPSP.Spinothalamic tract
Stroke
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Stimulus (psychology)
Sensory gating
Sensory receptor
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Sensory cortex
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