Simulation and experimental analysis of aspherical double-liquid lens based on parallel plate electrode
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According to the principle of dielectrophoresis, an aspherical double-liquid lens based on parallel plate electrodes is designed. In comparison with the liquid lenses based on patterned-electrodes, the aspherical double-liquid lens structure uses continuous electrodes, which have the advantages of simpler processing, lower cost, easier realization and more practicability. The droplet in the dielectric electrophoretic liquid lens is polarized in the electric field and moves towards the higher electric field intensity under the action of the dielectrophoretic force. With the change of applied voltage, the dielectrophoretic force varies, thus the contact angle of the droplet at the liquid-liquid interface is changed. Firstly, the models of aspherical double-liquid lenses under different voltages are established with Comsol software, and the data of interfacial profile are derived. Then using Matlab software, the derived interface surface data are fitted by polynomial, and the aspherical coefficients are obtained. Finally, the optical models are built with Zemax software, and the variation range of focal length and root mean square (RMS) radius of aspherical double-liquid lens under different voltages are analyzed. In order to further study the characteristics of aspherical double-liquid lens, it is compared with spherical double-liquid lens model. The liquid material, cavity structure and droplet volume of spherical double-liquid lens are consistent with those of aspherical double-liquid lens. The corresponding spherical double-liquid lens model is established by using the Zemax software, the range of focal length and RMS radius of spherical double-liquid lens under different voltages are obtained. The results show that the focal length variation range of aspherical double-liquid lens is larger than that of spherical double-liquid lens, and the imaging quality of the former is better than that of the latter. The experimental preparation of the designed aspherical double-liquid lens device is carried out, and its focal length and imaging resolution are measured. When the operating voltage is in a range of 0–280 V, the focal length varies from 54.2391 to 34.5855 mm, which is basically consistent with the simulation result. The feasibility of the liquid lens structure is verified experimentally. The imaging resolution can reach 45.255 lp/mm. The designed aspherical double-liquid lens based on the parallel plate electrode can provide a new scheme for the high-quality imaging of liquid lens and its application, and can expand the application scope of liquid lens.Keywords:
Zemax
Electrostatic lens
Root mean square
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Depth of field
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The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model that could be used to obtain the approximate focal length of O-ring-driven liquid-filled lenses. An O-ring-driven liquid-filled lens is composed of a base plate, a glass-covered liquid reservoir, a pliable membrane, an O-ring, a spring, and three actuators. The movement of the ring changes the focal length or the focus position. In previous studies, the commercial software ANSYS was used to find the membrane deformation and ZEMAX was used to find the focal length. The procedures used in those previous studies are complicated and generally require considerable design work. The proposed mathematical method employs the principle of liquid volume conservation to simplify the calculations that approximate the focal length of the lens. The result is confirmed on ZEMAX to ensure that the method is practicable. Consequently, focal lengths of lenses with different ring thicknesses, radii, and squeezing depths to contact the membrane can be calculated immediately.
Zemax
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Optical engineering
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Abstract The electrowetting lenses has attracted researchers in many fields, such as biology, beam shaping, and drug delivery. Previous research on electrowetting lens has focused on neither expanding the dynamic focal length range nor reducing the wavefront aberration. However, the properties with large numerical aperture and low aberration are also essential properties of lenses, and can promote their application. Therefore, we calculated the meniscus of the lens with different optical apertures, and subsequently, analyzed the relations among the focal length, wavefront aberration, and optical aperture. To expand the focal length range, we designed an electrowetting-based triple-liquid lens with a root-mean-square wavefront aberration error of less than 1/4 waves.
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Optical transfer function
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A non-aqueous organic solution based large-aperture spherical electrowetting liquid lens with a wide tunable focal length range is proposed. It has a low threshold voltage, high breakdown voltage, fast response time, and large zoom ratio.
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In this study, a configuration of a compact imaging objective based on a reflecting annular harmonic lens was proposed. Light propagation through the proposed optical system was comprehensively modeled using a dedicated special program and the ZEMAX software, with the latter used to derive the point spread function (PSF). Several relationships were used to describe the connection between key parameters of the objective, including its focal length, field of view, and thickness. We demonstrated that it was possible to design a compact imaging objective whose overall length could be one to two orders of magnitude smaller than its focal length. Using direct laser writing, a reflecting annular harmonic lens was fabricated and used in the proposed objective scheme. The performance of the objective was experimentally studied by imaging a light source and a test pattern. The performance of the compact imaging objective based on a reflecting annular harmonic lens was verified in principle. A PSF value of approximately 16 microns was experimentally obtained, for a lens with a diameter of 25 mm with a focal length of 100 mm.
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Harmonic
Point spread function
Depth of field
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A systematic design idea for liquid-filled cylindrical zoom lenses with ideal imaging quality over a wide focal length range is introduced in detail. The PWC method is used to calculate the initial structure parameters of the zoom lenses, and the optical design software ZEMAX is used to eliminate the spherical aberration at different focal lengths. Lenses named SLCL-Doublet are finally designed, which are formed by a symmetric liquid-core cylindrical lens (SLCL) filled with variable refractive index (RI) liquid and a doublet cylindrical lens capable of significantly weakening the spherical aberration. The focal length of the SLCL-Doublet continuously decreases from 101.406 mm to 54.162 mm as the liquid RI changes from 1.3300 to 1.5000. Calculated over 75% of the full aperture, the root mean square (RMS) spot radius of the SLCL-Doublet is always less than 7 µm over the whole focal length range, and the peak-to-valley wavefront error remains below the λ/4 limit when the focal length ranges from 62.373 mm to 65.814 mm, within which the lenses approach the diffraction limit, demonstrating improvement in the optical performance over that of previously designed liquid-core cylindrical lenses. The sources of potential fabrication and installation errors in the practical implementation of the SLCL-Doublet are also analyzed in detail. The SLCL-Doublet is demonstrated to be characterized by high imaging quality and easy installation, which enriches the types of core optical element for measuring the liquid RI and liquid diffusion coefficient and provides guarantee for improving the measurement accuracy.
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Aperture (computer memory)
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As for the optical measurement, the longer the focal length of collimator is, the less the measurement error is. However, the longer the focal length is, the more difficult the optical design is. It’s higher application value to design long focal length collimator with wide-view. The paper designs a collimator with 2000mm focal length, 4 degree field of view and its wavelength range is from 480nm to 750nm. The collimator is employed in the camera resolution detection system. It adopts the apochromatism three-piece-type structure and the secondary spectrum is corrected. The paper analyses the imaging quality of the optical system and the MTF curve is presented.
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In this study, a focus-tunable liquid cylindrical lens based on electrowetting was designed and fabricated. The cylindrical cavity usually used in common electrowetting zoom spherical lenses was replaced by a 20 mm × 10 mm × 8 mm cuboid cavity, in which the interface of two liquids formed a toroid owing to the electrowetting effect. The proposed liquid cylindrical lens can serve as either a converging or diverging lens with the response time under 110 ms by changing the supplied voltage. The zoom lens we fabricated worked stably under 0-110 V voltage for a long time, guaranteeing that the focal length of the liquid cylindrical lens can range within (-∞, -148.36 mm) ∪ (697.21 mm, +∞). By combining the liquid lens that we designed with a simple fixed cylindrical lens, a cylindrical lens system with an arbitrary focal length suitable for various tasks in beam manipulation can be realized.
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Simple lens
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This work presents a design and proposed microfabrication steps for a two-liquid variable focal length capillary microlens. The capillary lens is actuated by electrowetting on dielectric effect. The microlens is made from a dielectric liquid whereas a conducting liquid serves as one of the electrodes for the actuation. The dependence of the microlens focal length on the properties of the dielectric materials is investigated using a model for electrowetting on dielectric effect. The model indicates that low voltage actuation (<20V) is possible by adjusting the dielectric layer thickness. The effect of the microlens size on the focal length is presented. The advantages of a two-liquid capillary microlens are briefly discussed.
Microlens
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