Jobs for Justice: The Impact of Stable Employment in Expediting Financial Wellbeing for Survivors of Human Trafficking
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ABSTRACTFinancial wellbeing – broadly characterized as a liveable income, savings, and autonomy over financial decisions – has been shown to influence physical and psychological health and is therefore an important element of holistic wellbeing. The present study examines the factors that impact the financial wellbeing of survivors of human trafficking in the United States. Using survey data from a sample of trafficking survivors in the U.S. we find that both temporal distance from the exploitative experience and a stable source of income significantly predict financial wellbeing for trafficking survivors. Importantly, however, stable work that provides predictable income mitigates the impact of time in establishing financial wellbeing. The implications of this research are significant for policy and programs aimed at improving the livelihoods of trafficking survivors.KEYWORDS: TraffickingLivelihoodFinancial WellbeingRegression AnalysisParticipatory Action Research AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank individual donors, corporations, and foundations who contribute to Polaris’ unrestricted fund, including partial funding for the National Survivor Study from IHG Hotels & Resorts, Match Group, PayPal, and United Way Worldwide. The authors would also like to thank the National Survivor Study core research team and community advisory group, including: Lara Powers, Katherine T. Bright, Tristan Call, Michael Chen, Hazel Fasthorse, Tawana Bandy Fattah, La Toya Gix, Elizabeth Jacobs, Forrest Jacobs, Ashley Maha’a, Erin Marsh, Namrita S. Singh, Karen Snyder, Lauren Vollinger, Charity Watters, Wade Arvizu, Marlene Carson, Harold D’Souza, Wang Fen, and Eric Harris.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2023.2257126Notes1 For example, women, children, racial and ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+, disabled and migrants have all been groups identified as being vulnerable or at higher risk to trafficking victimization and/or are disproportionately represented among trafficking victims compared to their numbers in the general population (see, for example, IOM et al., Citation2022; Jagoe et al., Citation2022; Latham-Sprinkle et al., Citation2019; UNODC, Citation2020; Whitbeck et al., Citation2004).2 While we expect there to be a relationship between stable work and financial wellbeing, when one does not feel competent in their work, does not feel adequately supported, or the environment becomes unduly demanding, overall wellbeing may be jeopardized, which could have negative implications for financial wellbeing. While it is beyond the scope of the present study, we acknowledge that the quality of the stable employment may be just as important as the stable employment itself.3 The survey instrument is available upon request.4 The survey and sampling methodology received ethical approval from the Biomedical Research Alliance of New York (BRANY) Institutional Review Board (IRB). The study also received Certificate of Confidentiality (CoC) through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which protects the privacy of research participants by prohibiting disclosure of identifiable, sensitive information to anyone not connected to the research team.5 In addition to running these models with the imputed dataset, we also ran all of the models with the original non-imputed dataset. The results were very similar across all of the models making a strong case for the accuracy of our imputation method. Output for these models is available in the appendix.6 There is ample cross-disciplinary precedent for using factor scores as dependent variables. See, for example, Grasso and Simons (Citation2011), Salcioglu et al. (Citation2007), and Vogel et al. (Citation2019).7 There were 13 respondents who answered that they had no income, making the denominator in this equation zero. To avoid this, we recoded $0 as $1000 in income per year.8 To impute missing data for the financial wellbeing dependent variable, which was created from the composite of three factors, two separate imputation procedures were investigated. The first was to directly impute missing data of the underlying factor variables and then create the composite variable. The second was to create the composite variable first and then impute the missing data in the composite variable. It was found that the first approach resulted in a greater imputation accuracy score and was therefore used for imputing the missing entries.9 There were not enough non-binary responses to treat gender as non-binary for the purpose of the statistical analysis. Therefore, we include gender in the model as a binary rather than categorical variable.10 Termed “the motherhood penalty,” the financial impact of children is greater for females than males (e.g., Budig & England, Citation2001; Budig & Hodges, Citation2010; Gangl & Ziefle, Citation2009). Further, single women of children are more deeply impacted financially than men and married women (Bartfeld, Citation2000; De Vaus et al., Citation2017; Leopold, Citation2018; Lichtenstein & Johnson, Citation2019).11 In addition to running these models with the composite measure of financial wellbeing as the dependent variable, we also ran all of the models with each of the factor variables as the dependent variable. The results were very similar across all of the models making a strong case for the financial wellbeing composite measure. Output for these models is available in the appendix.12 The marginal means plots provided are for the most common profile in the sample; however, we provide additional marginal means plots in the Appendix for minority females without children and without a disability for comparison.13 We did not find consistently or strong statistically significant results based on age, race, or gender.In the course of the Sinicism of Marxism,Mao Zedong made a historical contribution to solving the problems of the people's livelihood,he created the thought of serving the people which is the livelihood of Communist Party of China and explored positively into improving the people's livelihood.This article will explore the following: a prerequisite for improving people's livelihood,the purpose of improving people's livelihood,developing production and raising the living standard,the limitation of Mao Zedong's thoughts of people's livelihood and practical enlightenment.
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3 Chapter I: Introduction 4-6 Chapter II: Literature review 7-8 Chapter III: Research methods 9-11 Use of a checklist 9 Interviews 9-10 Ethical considerations 10 Travel to the site and the setting 10-11 Chapter IV: Research Findings 12-25 Livelihood strategies today: at the Khotro village 12-13 Livelihood strategies today: about how crops are rotated or grown in cycles......13-15 Which vegetables are grown in which months? 15-17 Livelihood strategies today: the role of livestock 17-19 About Dzhopas 17-19 About animals entering other people's cultivated lands 19 Livelihood strategies today: about the yaks kept at Donakharka 19-20 Traditional livelihood strategies 20-22 Changes in livelihood strategies 22-23 Livelihood strategies today: about medicinal plants 23-24 About the recent development of home-stay places 25 Gender roles 25 Chapter V: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 25-27 References 28 Annex: Photos 29-37
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In recent years,the livelihood of news,as a localized mode,has been acquired supports from the majority of the audience and journalists,with its concern for the feelings of the peoples livelihood,more and more profound insights.Its aim is people livelihood,the people services,which is not without purpose and wafer,but to achieve the ultimate goal of building a harmonious society through paying close attention to livelihood issues.In this respect,livelihood can be able to develop its skill to full.
Harmonious Society
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The paper analyses the factors in the formation of rural households' livelihood obstacle by the data we collected during questionnaire survey in Minqin Oasis with the use of livelihood assets structure in sustainable livelihood framework(SLF).We defined the livelihood obstacle as the circumstance concerning a gap between livelihood assets and livelihood strategy.In the context of vulnerable livelihoods assets,the ecological protective measures exerted some impacts on rural household's livelihood obstacle.To reduce the vulnerability of farmer household' s livelihood,more attention should be paid to livelihood assets of rural households.
Vulnerability
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The Dalits of Nepal are living with a lack of opportunities, and the high-level poverty within Dalit communities shows that capabilities or livelihood of Dalits have not been adequately increased in quantity and quality. In the absence of capabilities, they have been adopting unsecured livelihood strategies. In this context, this study aims to find out the relationship between livelihood capitals and livelihood strategies adopted by the Dalit communities of Kusma municipality, Parbat, Nepal. The study was based on survey research design, and 390 respondents were selected by using stratified random sampling method. The relationship between the livelihood strategies and livelihood capitals are found positive, statistically significant and of moderate level strength with livelihood strategies. Access to capitals determine the livelihood strategies of the Dalit community. However, there is no rule and degree of relationship between the livelihood capitals and livelihood strategies. Likely, the agency and structure of the society dominate the capabilities of the Dalit households. Therefore, even though they have good knowledge, skills, income and physical capital, they are not well supported to choose livelihood strategies. Similarly, livelihood strategies do not contribute to livelihood outcomes as well.
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livelihood is a modern problem with a long and rich history,meanwhile,it is a historical and heavy topic.The livelihood of China has been improved greatly after 30 Years of Reform and Opening-up in China.However,livelihood is a dynamic development process,the new problem will come out when the old problem is solved.The livelihood is changing with the changing of the society.Survey the current livelihood problems,actively seeking the methods and measures for solving the livelihood problems.
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The Sundarbans Reserved Forest (SRF) is playing a significant role in local and national economy and is providing protection to the coastline as well as to the people living in the Sundarbans Impact Zone (SIZ). Presently, the area provides a livelihood to an estimated 3.5 million people. This study deals with the livelihood pattern of the people using both primary and secondary data sources. The study identifies people with different livelihood activities such as munda, fishermen, bawali, golpata collectors, salt farmer etc. Most of them are seasonal workers and their over all socio-economic conditions are below standard.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
Chorale will delight audiences of all
ages with a diverse mix of classic and
contemporary pieces. The ChoraleAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂs
performances have been described
as AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂemotionally unfiltered, honest
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working at an extremely high
musical level.AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA Experience choral
singing that will take you to new
heights!
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The livelihood of fishing laborers’ household rely on seasonal fluctuation of fish catchment and limited livelihood resources. To fulfill their daily needs they strategize by working on various income-generating activities that involve both male and female family members. The purpose of this study are to identify the livelihood resources of male and female household members, to describe the livelihood strategies among labor fisherman households, and to analyze the relationship between livelihood resources and livelihood strategies of fishing laborers households. This research used a combination of qualitative observations and in-depth interviews with a quantitative approach using a questionnaire (mixed method). The results of the study show that the most important livelihood resources for the fishing laborers households is social resources. The most utilized forms of strategy are the intensification and extensification of fishing-related activities, with men extending their time at sea whereas women borrow money from cooperative or moneylenders. All forms of livelihood resources significantly related to the livelihood strategies carried out by labor fishermen households.
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The objective of this paper is to examine the pattern and intensity of inter-generational and intra-generational changes in livelihood, taking the case of the Bodos, the largest scheduled tribe of Assam, India. The data for the study has been collected from 1161 randomly selected Bodo households in Bodoland Territorial Area Districts of Assam. The intensity of inter-generational and intra-generational livelihood changes has been measured through a rate developed for the purpose. Further, the association between the livelihood attributes has also been tested. The study finds that the intensity of intra-generational livelihood change is less than that of the inter-generational change. Livelihood change is more prominent from the farm to the non-farm sector. Though livelihood changes have taken place between the generations, the sectoral selection of livelihood by the present generation is closely associated with the livelihood of the preceding generation. Steps for infrastructure development to unfold farm and non-farm sources of income are required. Agro-based industrial units should be promoted, and required skill development initiatives should be taken so those poor households can diversify their livelihood portfolios.
Tribe
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