Genipin, a natural blue colorant precursor: Source, extraction, properties, and applications
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Keywords:
Genipin
Gardenia jasminoides
Gelatin
Biocompatibility
Gelatin gels are three-dimensional networks of macromolecular chains, physically cross-linked through hydrogen bonding. The use of gelatin gels as a matrix for drug delivery is limited due its reversible gel-sol transition at ~35oC and potentially low gel strength. As a result, gelatin is often chemically crosslinked to increase its thermal stability and rigidity. Genipin, a natural low-cytotoxicity crosslinker of amino groups, has been shown to improve gelatin’s mechanical properties for biomedical applications.
Solid emulsion gels (SEGs) are oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions stabilized by a hydrated polymer matrix that maintains entrapped oil within a solid gel or highly viscous continuous structure. In the current study, SEGs based on genipin-crosslinked gelatin were examined for controlled delivery purposes, using indomethacin as a model hydrophobic drug.
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The fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis have been previously reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, the constituents including geniposide, geniposidic acid, genipin and crocin were evaluated for their effects on prostaglandin and NO production in an attempt to establish anti-inflammatory cellular mechanisms. Among the constituents tested, only genipin significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2-mediated $PGE_2$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated NO production from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells at 10-100 ${\mu}$ M. Genipin also inhibited nuclear transcription factor-${\kappa}B$ activation. Moreover, genipin showed in vivo antiinflammatory activity on ${\lambda}$ -carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice (10.4-29.9% inhibition at 20-100 mg/kg, i.p.). All of these results suggest that genipin may contribute to anti-inflammatory activity of the fruits of G. jasminoides and an inhibitory action on prostaglandin and NO production is, at least, the part of anti-inflammatory mechanism of genipin.
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Gardenia
Carrageenan
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Two new iridoid glycosides, geniposide and genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside, were isolated from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS f. grandiflora (LOUR.) MAKINO and their structures were determined to be I and II, respectively.
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Genipin
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The effects of two cross-linking agents (genipin and polyphenol) on the physical properties of gelatin hydrogels were studied to determine the more effective natural cross-linking agent. The highest gel strength obtained with polyphenols was 136.9 N/mm2 at concentrations up to 360 μg polyphenols/g gelatin, whereas the highest strength of samples cross-linked with genipin was 98.4 N/mm2 with 300 mg genipin/g dry gelatin. Scanning electron microscopy showed that gelatin modified by polyphenols at 360 μg/g gelatin had the most compact surface. Cross-linked gelatin-polyphenol exhibited a markedly enhanced denaturation temperature and greater thermal stability than gelatin–genipin.
Genipin
Gelatin
Glutaraldehyde
Denaturation (fissile materials)
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Genipin is the iridoid glycoside geniposide isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. UV, TLC method was used to investigate the reactivity of genipin with leather fibers and their reaction theory. The tanning property of genipin, as well as the tanning conditions such as dosage of genipin, time, temperature and pH value etc was analyzed by DSC. The results show that the Tp of DSC curve reachs 85°C and the hide powder becomes dark blue color under the following condition: dosage of ginipin is 5% of dried hide powder, pH value is 7·5, tanning time is 24h. Therefore genipin could be used as a potential, regenerative, cleansing and effective tanning agent and dyestuff.
Genipin
Gardenia jasminoides
Reactivity
Gardenia
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Genipin
Gardenia jasminoides
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Gelatin
Genipin
Electrospinning
Polystyrene
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Gardenia jasminoides
Genipin
Neurite
Gardenia
SH-SY5Y
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A new method for the simultaneous determination of genooposide and genipin in Gardenia jasminoides Eills by reversed-phase high perfomance liquid chromatography was studied.The method used a YWG-C 18 column,0 05 mol/L di-sodium hydrogen phosphate-methanol(72∶28)as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 0 ml/min with detection wavelengty at 240 nm.Retention times and recovery rates for geniposide and genipin were 6 33,9 49 min,and 99 10%,98 28%,respectively.The RSD of the results was 1 05% for geniposide,1 21% for genipin.The method was proved to be simple and reliable.
Gardenia jasminoides
Genipin
Gardenia
Phosphate buffered saline
Recovery rate
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Liver disease is characterized by inflammation and/or tissue damage that is serious enough to impair hepatic function.Tens of millions of patients are affected by liver diseases worldwide.Geniposide is an irioidglyco compound isolated from Gardenia fruits which has been used for many years in Chinese medicine for the treatment of hepatic disorders and inflammatory diseases.Genipin, the metabolite of geniposide, is a natural product present in fruit of Gardenia jasminoides.The relative bioactivity of genipin and geniposide has been widely reported in many studies and the potential application of these compounds in the treatment of liver diseases has come to light.This review summarizes current findings on the use of geniposide and genipin in the treatment of liver disease.
Genipin
Gardenia jasminoides
Gardenia
Natural product
Liver disease
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