Extension of all-optical reconstruction method for isolated attosecond pulses using high-harmonic generation streaking spectra
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An all-optical method for directly reconstructing the spectral phase of isolated attosecond pulse (IAP) has been proposed recently [New J. Phys. 25, 083003 (2023)]. This method is based on the high-harmonic generation (HHG) streaking spectra generated by an IAP and a time-delayed intense infrared (IR) laser, which can be accurately simulated by an extended quantitative rescattering model. Here we extend the retrieval algorithm in this method to successfully retrieve the spectral phase of an shaped IAP, which has a spectral minimum, a phase jump about $\pi$, and a "split" temporal profile. We then reconstruct the carrier-envelope phase of IR laser from HHG streaking spectra. And we finally discuss the retrieval of the phase of high harmonics by the intense IR laser alone using the Fourier transform of HHG streaking spectra.Keywords:
Streaking
Attosecond
Envelope (radar)
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Attosecond
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Summary form only given. Attosecond-streaking spectroscopy [1], has given real-time access to photoionization delays of atoms in the gas phase [2], and the additional effects of electron transport processes through atomic layers and interfaces of solid-state systems [3, 4]. Here, we report on the first attosecond-streaking experiments on liquid samples. We have realized attosecond-streaking photoelectron spectroscopy on water in the gas and liquid phases using a liquid microjet [5].
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We present fully ab initio simulations of attosecond streaking for ionization of helium accompanied by shakeup of the second electron. This process represents a prototypical case for strongly correlated electron dynamics on the attosecond time scale. We show that streaking spectroscopy can provide detailed information on the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith time delay as well as on the infrared-field dressing of both bound and continuum states. We find a novel contribution to the streaking delay that stems from the interplay of electron-electron and infrared-field interactions in the exit channel. We quantify all the contributions with attosecond precision and provide a benchmark for future experiments.
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Attosecond
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We investigate attosecond streaking measurements, where a spectrogram is described by an ensemble of electron wave packets. Such a description may be required for processes more complex than direct photoemission from an isolated atom; an ensemble of wave packets may also be needed to describe the role of shot-to-shot fluctuations or a non-uniform spatio-temporal profile of attosecond light pulses. Under these conditions, we examine the performance of conventional (FROG) analysis of attosecond streaking measurements.
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Spectrogram
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The present work focuses on the characterisation of the amount of orbital angular momentum (OAM) encoded in the twisted attosecond pulses via energy- and angle-resolved attosecond streaking in pump-probe setup. It is found that the photoelectron spectra generated by the linearly polarised twisted pulse with different OAM values exhibit angular modulations, whereas circularly polarised twisted pulse yields angular isotropic spectra. It is demonstrated that the energy- and angle-resolved streaking spectra are sensitive to the OAM values of the twisted pulse. Moreover, the different combinations of the polarisation of the twisted pump pulse and strong infrared probe pulse influence the streaking spectra differently. The characterisation of the OAM carrying twisted attosecond pulses opens up the possibility to explore helical light-matter interaction on attosecond timescale.
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Pulses of x-ray light that last mere attoseconds are essential to capturing fundamental processes in nature, such as the motion of electrons and their role in chemical bonding. New experiments generate and, for the first time, characterize attosecond pulses in the soft-x-ray portion of the spectrum.
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Water window
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We describe a new attosecond FROG algorithm optimized for the characterization of sub-100 as pulses from streaked electron spectra. We make improvements upon the treatment of the attosecond streaking spectrogram, and show that these are necessary in order to accurately characterize shorter pulses with ever larger bandwidths. We investigate the effects of the approximations that must be made in order to apply the generalized projections scheme.
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Attosecond
Spectrogram
Characterization
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Attosecond streaking provides an extremely high temporal resolution for characterizing light pulses and photoionization processes with attosecond (10−18 s) accuracy, which employs a laser as a streaking field to deflect electrons generated by photoionization. The current attosecond streaking requires a time delay scan between the attosecond pulses and streaking field with attosecond accuracy and a femtosecond range, which is difficult to realize real-time measurement. In this study, we theoretically propose a non-collinear attosecond streaking scheme without the time delay scan, enabling real-time and even the potential to perform single-shot attosecond pulse measurement. In the proposal, time-delay information is projected into longitudinal space, both horizontally and vertically, enabling attosecond pulse characterization with temporal-spatial coupling. From our calculation, down to 70 as pulses with pulse front and wavefront tilt are characterized with high accuracy. Our study not only provides a method toward real-time attosecond pulse measurement, but also an approach for attosecond pump-probe experiments without time delay scan.
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We report on the first streaking measurement of water-window attosecond pulses generated via high harmonic generation, driven by sub-2-cycle, CEP-stable, 1850 nm laser pulses. Both the central photon energy and the energy bandwidth far exceed what has been demonstrated thus far, warranting the investigation of the attosecond streaking technique for the soft X-ray regime and the limits of the FROGCRAB retrieval algorithm under such conditions. We also discuss the problem of attochirp compensation and issues regarding much lower photo-ionization cross sections compared with the XUV in addition to the fact that several shells of target gases are accessed simultaneously. Based on our investigation, we caution that the vastly different conditions in the soft X-ray regime warrant a diligent examination of the fidelity of the measurement and the retrieval procedure.
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Water window
Extreme ultraviolet
Photon energy
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Streaking
Attosecond
Extreme ultraviolet
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