Author Correction: Climate-driven marmot-plague dynamics in Mongolia and China
Lei XuQian WangRuifu YangGanbold DalantaiNyamdorj TsogbadrakhKaixing DongMin LiuDoniddemberel AltantogtokhQiyong LiuSainbileg UndrakhboldBazartseren BoldgivWannian LiangNils Chr. Stenseth
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Abstract:
a formatting error in Equation 1.As a result, the subsequent paragraph, "Y it is the logit binomial plague occurrence at site i in year t.Parameter a is the overall intercept, f is the thinplate spline function, and ε is the uncorrelated random error term.f 1 (RD i,t ) is the smooth function of marmot density at site i in year t, " now reads: "Y i,t is the logit binomial plague occurrence at site i in year t.Parameter a is the overall intercept, f is the thinplate spline function, and ε is the uncorrelated random error term.f 1 (MD i,t ) is the smooth function of marmot density at site i in year t, "Keywords:
Marmot
plague
Inner mongolia
Objective To sum up basic contents of plague ecology on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway and to determine general control tactics of plague on Qinghai and Tibet railway by studying and sorting out epidemiology data on man plague on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway,ecology of Himalaya marmot,plague epidemiology data,characters of plague bacteriology and information of plague surveillance during 2001 to 2006.Methods Consulting historic information on man plague;studying marmot ecology by microsatellite technical;studying structures of focus,animal and structure of insects by ground investigation;checking biochemistry of plague bacteria,nutrition,sensitive of drug,toxicity and genetic material in lab by the old methods;following china plague surveillance methods on Tibet sheep plague and Qinghai voles.Results Man plague has taken place eleven epidemic diseases,illness forty-three,death twenty-three and rate of death 53.48% on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway since 1966.Thereproduction of himalaya marmots were related with density of variety and the choice which marmots selected habitats have something with topographies,landforms and vegetations and relatives studied various variety of marmots were lose;The plague bacteria on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway belongs to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau type which are independent on Trp,Thr,Leu,Arg and dependent on Phe,Met,Cys and manifest out deeper nutrition.The plague bacteria which belongs to stronger toxicity bacteria are sensitive to antibiotic and particularly sensitive to cephalosporins and quinolones.The plague bacteria on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway have plasmids 6 Mdal and 45 Mdal and bigger plasmids are 52 Mdal or 65 Mdal or 92 Mdal.Conclusions To master ecology characters of hosts,media and pathogen on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway,popular laws of man and animal plague to provide scientific basis for plague control of Qinghai and Tibet railway,but also may change today' plague surveillance technical and old methods and it has important guiding meaning for Chinese plague surveillance by this study.
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Yersinia pestis
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Fhylogenetic and geological aspects of marmot distribution in Europe are considered, Historical relations between people and marmot
populations aie examined explaining the current distribution of Alpine marmots. At trie end of the 20th century, Alpine marmot papulations are in expansion. This fact is related to changes in anthropogenic pressure and to the creation of protected areas in the mountains. Technical, biological, ethical and legal aspects of translocation of marmots in Europe are
examined. Recommendations are made for management of marmot populations.
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Using a series of country-wide transects and a questionnaire administered to those with knowledge of marmot populations, we estimated that there are now about 8 million marmots in Mongolia. Our survey and previous studies of maximal marmot abundances produced estimates that ranged from 21 to 24 million animals. Our research showed that the decline in marmot populations from the beginning of 1990-th to 2007 was mostly due to increased hunting pressure. Hunting pressure increased when foreign buyers purchased marmot pelts unlimited offering significantly higher prices than offered in the past. These higher prices lead to the initiation of hunting during the spring reproductive season of marmots and the increased use of traps and snares to capture marmots. Greater access to automobiles and an improved highway system lead to more widespread and intense hunting of marmots than in the past. In the 7 years after 2000 there was increased subsistence hunting of marmots for food, fur, and traditional medicines. A spring drought during portions of the 7 year period may have deceased marmot numbers. Also contributing to the decline of marmots during this period was an increase in the number of dogs used by shepherds — dogs that preyed on marmots.
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Marmots are large ground squirrels, and 14 species have been reported in the world, including four species of marmots (Himalayan marmot, Tarbagan marmot, gray marmot and long-tailed marmot) living in China. Although these biological resources are abundant in China, information regarding their genetic features is lacking, hampering further study regarding them. The aims of this research were to evaluate genetic variations of four species of Chinese wild marmots, and analyzed kinship of these marmot populations. In the current study, we collected samples of four species of Chinese wild marmot and analyzed the effective allele number, gene diversity, the Shannon index, and polymorphism information to evaluate genetic variations using 13 microsatellite loci. Based on Nei’s genetic distance using the unweighted pair group method, we constructed a dendrogram to analyze the population kinship. We determined that all four Chinese marmot species had high genetic polymorphisms and departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The Chinese marmots to be divided into two large groups: Himalayan marmot was independent group. Tarbagan marmot, gray marmot and long-tailed marmot were others; Tarbagan marmot and gray marmot showed a close kinship with each other, but long-tailed marmot did not have a close relationship with the other species. The high polymorphisms and the kinship of Chinese marmot populations were correlated with geographical terrain of their habitat. Himalayan marmot was characterized as living in unique alpine meadows in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and was affected by terrain; however, Tarbagan marmot, gray marmot and long-tailed marmot were characterized as living in grassland or alpine grassland and were not affected by terrain. Genetic features of Chinese wild marmots were investigated in this study. This may give using information regarding protection of Chinese wild marmot resource and further application of biomedical research.
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1. 52·6% of marmots placed in contact with marmots infected with plague by inhalation developed pulmonary plague and died within 4–6 days. 2. Marmots suffering from pneumonic plague are infective at an early stage of the disease and the animals which such marmots infect acquire plague after a short incubative period. 3. Pulmonary plague can be readily transmitted to the small marmot ( Spermophilus citellus Linn.), and these animals, when suffering from pulmonary plague, are in turn capable of transmitting the same type of plague through the respiratory passages. 4. Septicaemic plague can be developed in marmots very easily as a result of respiratory infection and also by direct subcutaneous inoculation with small amounts of culture. 5. The marmot can acquire plague by way of the alimentary tract and spread the disease by feeding on plague-infected carcases. The histological appearances observed in the lesions of these cases are characteristic.
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Background: Climate plays a key role in driving plague dynamics. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a climate-sensitive area and one of the most severe plague areas in China. However, quantitative knowledge about plague dynamics under changing climate condition remains uncertain. Methods: We developed a time-sharing ecological niche modelling framework to identify the finer potential plague territories and their temporal epidemic trends assembling animal records and multi-source ecophysiological variables. Findings: The models identified abundant animal plague territories over the TP but their spatial patterns of plague territories varied spatio-temporal dimension across the 60 yr, undergoing repeated spreading and contractions. Plague risk increased in the 1980s and 2000s, with the risk area increasing by 17·7 and 55·5 thousand km2, respectively. The 1990s and 2010s were decades of decreased risk, with reductions of 71·9 and 39·5 km2, respectively. Further factor analysis showed that intrinsic conditions (i.e., elevation, soil, and geochemical landscape) provided fundamental niches. In contrast, climatic conditions, especially precipitation, led to niche differentiation and resulted in varied spatial patterns. Additionally, while increased human interference may temporarily reduce plague risks, there is a strong possibility of recurrence. Interpretation: This study reshaped the distribution of plague at multiple time scales in the TP and revealed multifactorial synergistic effects on the spreading and contraction of plague foci, confirming that TP plague is increasingly sensitive to climate change. These findings can help public managers to make decisions on plague surveillance resources allocations, and combat the plague threats of global climate change better to prevent human plague from outbreaks.Funding Information: Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research, the Strategic Priority Research Programof Chinese Academy of Science, and the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaDeclaration of Interests: None to declare.
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The Aspect of the Plague The Medical Profession and the Plague Administrative Precautions The Diabolical Element in the Plague The Erotic Element in the Plague The Precursors of the Plague Plague Remedies Attitude of the Church Persecution of the Jews The Flagellants.
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We evaluated fecal pellet counts as an index of hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) social group size in order to develop a simple, inexpensive method for monitoring population change of a widely distributed, but poorly studied alpine mammal. Fecal pellet counts were conducted in three separate seasons along several 2 m × 100 m transects located parallel to and 10, 20, and 30 m from the edge of alpine boulderfields (talus) occupied by marmots. Marmot activity and location relative to talus was also determined to assess the proportion of time spent foraging as a function of distance from refuge. Marmots spent 74% of their activities in meadows at a mean distance of 11.6 m from talus, and activity in meadows declined with increasing distance from talus, as did fecal pellet counts. Fecal counts at 10 m from the edge of talus were strongly and linearly related (r 2 = 0.89) to marmot abundance. The functional equation of marmot abundance predicted marmot abundance in five independent social groups within 17% of the observed group size. Fecal pellet counts appear to provide a precise index of marmot group size suitable for long-term monitoring of population change.
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