On-Chip Optical Nanotweezers for Phage Trapping and Identification
Simon GlicensteinN. VillaErmira TartariEmmanuelle PicardPierre R. MarcouxM. ZelsmannGrégory ReschR. HoudréE. Hadji
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With antibiotic resistance on the rise and expected to be a major health problem in the coming years [1], we are looking for alternative ways to treat bacterial infectious diseases. This work is in the scope of phage therapy, i.e. the use of therapeutic highly specific bacterial viruses called bacteriophages. As with the antibiotic susceptibility test (antibiogram), a phage susceptibility test (phagogram) that allows rapid and reliable testing of phage collections to identify the optimal phage(s) to administer to patients is highly desirable. Accordingly, we show here preliminary results of a new method to perform a phagogram with phages trapped on an optical chip. The system used is a silicon-on-insulator photonic chip containing L3 slotted 2D hollow photonic crystal cavities topped by a micro fluidic system allowing the transport of phages in their vicinity. The light confined in the cavity allows the trapping of nearby objects by gradient forces while the light collected at the output of the chip allows to deduce information about the trapped object. Circular 2D hollow cavities have been used previously to trap bacteria by means of a self-induced back action (SIBA)[2] mechanism and have demonstrated classification, and viability assessment of bacteria[3-5]. By changing the cavities to a linear cavity (SEM Image on figure 1: A) with an optical field (simulated near field intensity of the resonant mode on figure 1: B) more suitable to the trapping of 100 nm size viruses, we obtain photonic cavities allowing to trap phages and to distinguish different phages according to their families.It is demonstrated experimentally that amplitudes of defect modes of one-dimensional photonic crystal have maximal value near edges of the photonic band gap while at the centre of the stop-band they are reduced, moreover than more number of layers in photonic crystal, the less the amplitude of defect mode at the center of the PBG. We explain such behavior of defect modes presence of losses at propagation of light in real photonic crystal structures.
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The phase dependence of light reflected from colloidal photonic crystals is measured using a large resonant cavity and self-assembled colloidal photonic crystals. We measure the expected phase shift upon reflection from the photonic crystal, which varies from 0to180deg across the photonic crystal stop band. These measurements are then fed directly into the design of photonic crystal cavities. We obtain a measure for the precision needed in the fabrication of photonic crystal resonant cavities.
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We numerically and experimentally investigate dependence of quality factor Q of photonic crystal H1-defect nanocavity on the slab thickness and demonstrate an increase of Q after closing of the photonic bandgap. This counter intuitive behavior results from the weak coupling between the cavity mode and the 2 nd - guided mode.
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This work investigates the significance of the number of periods in two-dimensional photonic crystals. Models have been developed to study various photonic crystal properties (Reflection, Photonic crystal band gap). The numbers of photonic crystal periods, length of periods, and material properties have been investigated to determine their effect on the losses in the waveguide. The model focuses on a square period and has been designed to study transmission properties and the effects of period length. A finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) model has also been created to calculate the photonic band structure. Additionally, a simplified study focuses on the transmission of light through photonic crystal layers.
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Photonic crystals are optical materials with repeating structures. This paper reviews the light reflection characteristics of one dimensional (lD) photonic crystals with defects in the visible region. Designing the ID photonic crystal for reflection based applications such as mirrors and reflection coatings, knowledge of photonic bandgap and the reflection characteristics in the periodic structure is essential. Modeling of flow of light in photonic crystals are studied with Comsol simulations which is based on FEM method. An observational study on reflection properties of ID photonic crystal reveals the impacts of periodic layer thickness, refractive index, and periodicity on light. The reflection spectrum of the photonic crystal structure with defects have been analyzed and a deep understanding of the photonic crystal with defect has been achieved. In this paper it is proposed that consistently high reflection can be achieved along with the structure optimization using defects.
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Summary form only given. Propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in periodic dielectric structures can be completely forbidden for a certain range of frequencies. These three-dimensional arrays - photonic bandgap (PBG) crystals - can be used to engineer the properties of the radiation field within these structures. Although, the earlier work on photonic crystals concentrated on building structures using dielectric materials, there are certain advantages of introducing metals to photonic crystals. First, the metals offer a higher rejection rate per layer when compared to dielectric crystals. Second, for microwave applications the dimensions of metallic crystals can be kept much smaller than the minimum dimensions needed for a typical dielectric crystal. In the paper, we investigate the reflection properties of layer-by-layer metallic photonic crystals, and use these properties to predict defect formation in layer-by-layer metallic photonic crystals.
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Photonic crystals(PCs) are periodic dielectric-structure materials with a photonic bandgap for electromagnetic waves.By combining stimuli-sensitive material with photonic crystals,the formed photonic crystals can respond to the external environments,which are named as responsive photonic crystals.Being a new branch of photonic crystals,responsive photonic crystals have attracted considerable attention as applications in sensors,biomedicine,clinical assay,sensor etc in recent years.According to difference of external environments,responsive photonic crystals can be briefly classified into three different types,chemical responsive photonic crystals,physical responsive photonic crystals and biological responsive photonic crystals.In this article,we mainly review the progress in chemical responsive photonic crystals in recent years,including metal ion-responsive,pH-responsive,redox-responsive,glucose-responsive and photochemistry-responsive photonic crystals.
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Photonic crystal is a dielectric with periodic modulation of refractive index of constituent elements which results in photonic band-gap effect which is unique property of Photonic crystal. Such Band gap effect helps to analyse the optical performance of Photonic crystals. This paper deals with Photonic Band gap (PBG) calculations for two dimensional Photonic crystals and the effect of size that is radius of silicon pillar on PBG. Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) method is used for obtaining band structure.
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Two dimension photonic crystal behaving in the region of micro wave composed of Fused silica cylinders(e=3.72) embedded in a styrofoma templat(e=1.04) being a high contrast system, it is a necessary. Condition for two dimension photonic crystal having photonic hand gap ((3.72-1.04)/(3.72+1.04)0.5) and set up a measurable system with syntheside sweeper and network analyzer etc. The transimission specturm of the photonic crystal were measured. There is a photonic band gap between 11.8 GHz and 13.5 GHz. We have a photonic band gap between 11.75 GHz and 13.4 GHz calculated by 421 plane waves, so the both agree well with each other.
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Photonic crystal cavity is studied to replacing the open cavity of Orotron for enhancing quality factor. A triangle two dimensional photonic crystal cavity with metal grid is analyzed. The results prove that the quality factor of the frequencies in photonic band gap is much higher than those out of the band gap, and suggest the photonic crystal cavity is a candidate for Orotron.
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