Enhancing maize yield through understanding the novel shoot-root interaction in morphology among hybrids with dense planting
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Morphology
Root system
Plant canopy
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ng production and in landscapes, woody plants are initially spaced apart to develop to desirable landscape quality. As plants grow and canopies begin to interact, canopies transform from individual isolated canopies to one large, closed canopy system. Changes in individual plant actual evapotranspiration (ET A ) during the transitions between isolated and closed canopies are 30% on average. Such changes can have a substantial impact on supplemental irrigation requirements, both decreasing with closure and increasing with random removal of plants from a closed canopy. Data will be presented demonstrating changes in ET A as canopy closure progresses from isolated plants through 33%, 67%, and 100% canopy closure. Concurrent data from plants of marketable size grown in 3.8, 10.4, and 26.6 L containers were used to evaluate effects of canopy vertical thickness, and total canopy height, on the changes in ET A relative to degree of canopy closure. Contributions to ET A at 100% canopy closure and isolated plants from leaves at various depths within a canopy will be discussed.
Plant canopy
Closure (psychology)
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The response of Acacia karroo trees to defoliation of either the upper or lower canopy only, was compared experimentally with that of plants whose whole canopies had been defoliated at a range of defoliation levels. These plants were very sensitive to defoliation of the upper canopy. A 100% defoliation of the upper canopy only, resulted in the same amount of growth as 100% defoliation of the whole canopy. This was considerably less than the growth of plants defoliated overall, at 25% and 50% leaf removal. In contrast, defoliating the bottom half of the canopy only, stimulated growth in the whole canopy to the same degree as defoliation of the whole canopy at 25–50%. The increases of growth were due largely to increased growth in the top half of the canopy. Plants were very sensitive to defoliation in the early‐flush phenophase. This probably masked the positive effects of the partial defoliations applied at this phenophase.
Plant canopy
Tree canopy
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A crop root system morphology can be determined by the development of different component roots, such as nodal root axes and their concomitant lateral roots of two different types ; long, large in diameter, and branching (L type), and short, small in diameter, and non-branching (S type). In this respect, we attempted to examine the cultivar difference in root system morphology among rice cultivars and to evaluate phenotypic plasticity in the root system morphology when grown under different nitrogen (N) application regimes. Four rice cultivars that are known to differ in adaptability for heavy manuring (AHM) and ecotype (indica and japonica) were grown for 14 days under three N levels. Cultivar difference in root system morphology existed among the four cultivars. The differences were recognized in the ratio of lateral roots to the entire root system length, and more remarkably in the ratio of S type to L type lateral root number. The difference in the former parameter could be well related to that in the ecotype, while the latter to the AHM of the cultivar. As to the phenotypic plasticity, the three component roots differed in production response, while they were fairly similar in elongation response. The root system morphology of a cultivar with low AHM was considerably phenotypically plastic, while that of the other cultivars were relatively stable to the changes of N conditions in soil.
Ecotype
Root system
Morphology
Adaptability
Elongation
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Root-system architecture is vital for improving soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and nutrient uptake. We characterised root-system architecture and shoot traits of 30 soybean genotypes in a semi-hydroponic system 35 days after sowing (DAS) and validated eight genotypes with contrasting root-system architecture in 1.5 m-deep rhizoboxes at the flowering stage. Among them, two genotypes were selected for evaluation through to maturity. Abundant variation (coefficient of variation values ≥ 0.25) was observed in 11 of 13 measured roots and shoot traits during the early growth stage. After late growth stages, strong positive correlations were found between root traits and shoot traits, except for specific root length and diameter. Seed yield and yield traits at final harvest significantly differed between two contrasting soybean genotypes. The large-rooted genotype had a higher harvest index than the small-rooted genotype. Soybean genotypes with larger root systems had a long time to flowering than those with smaller root systems. Genotypes with large-root systems had 106% more leaf area, and 245% more shoot dry weight than those with small systems, presumably due to high canopy photosynthesis to supply the demand for carbon assimilates to roots. Total root length, and root: shoot ratio-traits data collected in the rhizobox study, strongly correlated with the same traits in the semi-hydroponic phenotyping system. We found genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in other root and shoot traits such as taproot depth, root dry weight, specific root length, and average root diameter among the tested genotypes. Phenology, particularly time to flowering, was associated with root system size. Some root and shoot traits in the semi-hydroponic phenotyping system at the seedling stage produced similar rankings at the later phenological (flowering) stage when grown in the soil-filled rhizoboxes. The soybean genotypes characterised by vastly different root traits could be used for further glasshouse and field studies to improve adaptation to drought and other specific environments.
Taproot
Root system
Dry weight
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Abstract From a field experiment in which wheat was supplied with nitrogen fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, or 400 kg ha‐1N, a correlation existed between nitrate concentration in wheat stems at tillering and subsequent grain yield. At early tillering, NO3‐N concentrations around 8,000 μg g‐1 were indicative of sufficient nitrogen in the crop‐soil system for maximum grain yield. Averaging the results of this experiment with those from another seven field experiments, it was concluded that at tillering, the prognostic levels of NO3‐N concentration in stems were: below 4000 μg g‐1 deficient, between 4000 and 6000 μg g‐1 intermediate, between 6000 and 10000 μg g‐1 sufficient and above 10000 excessive for maximum grain yield. These values are applicable in a wide range of water supply conditions and to a number of cereal genotypes.
Wheat grain
Nitrogen fertilizer
Winter wheat
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Tree canopy
Pruning
Thinning
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Winter wheat canopy spectrum is dominated by wheat canopy closures, in this study. Our purpose is to study the quantitative influence of canopy closures on field canopy spectrum by quantitative reduced canopy stem densities. It indicated that canopy reflectance of winter wheat under different canopy stem densities has significant difference in near infrared bands. It has line relationship between spectral reflectance of 100% canopy stem densities and spectral reflectance under canopy stem densities, all the coefficients of determination (R2) for the equations are exceeding 0.8452, and all the results are surprised well. Canopy reflectance difference of winter under different stem densities were also studied, they all have line relationships between canopy reflectance of 100% canopy stem densities and quantitative reduced canopy stem densities, the simulation equations are different for the erective cultivars and loose cultivars. Relationship between canopy closures and canopy stem densities were also studied too, it has positive relationship between canopy closures and canopy stem densities, it reveals a very good agreement between canopy closures and canopy stem densities, with a coefficient of determination (R2) 0.8467, so the canopy stem densities can be simulated by canopy closures.
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Posidonia oceanica
Root system
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Using hybrid cotton‘Shuoza 2'as the test variety,three different canopy structures of dwarf type(L),wave type(W)and high type(H)were created through chemical control and top-cutting,and their light transmittance,photosynthetic rate,dry matter accumulation,ball rot rate and yield components were studied.The results indicated that,in the late growth period,the light transmittance at the middle and bottom canopy positions of the L and H canopy structures was significantly lower than that of W canopy.Compared with W canopy,the total dry matter accumulation of L canopy was decreased by 13.52%.Among them,the vegetative organs of L canopy decreased by 20.87%,H canopy increased by 7.95%,the reproductive organs of L canopy decreased by 15.34%,and H canopy decreased by 10.43%.The bollrot rate and the dropout rate of W canopy were at an intermediate level between L and H canopy structures.The boll weight of W canopy increased by 7.91% and 8.10% than that of L and H canopy ones.The theoretical yield of W canopy structure increased by 12.08% than that of H canopy structure.The test results indicated that the higher light transmittance at the middle and bottom canopy positions of W canopy structure guaranteed the lower rate of boll rot and boll dropping rate,and improved the accumulation of the whole plant photosynthetic products,and ultimately promoted cotton reproductive growth for higher yield.
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