Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol and Iohexol Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Anode Modified with Gold Particles
Koffi Konan SylvestreKambiré OlloGnamba Corneil Quand-MêmeKimou Kouakou JocelinMohamed BertéKouadio Kouakou EtienneKoné SouleymaneLassiné Ouattara
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Abstract:
Persistent organic pollutants such as pharmaceuticals (iohexol and paracetamol) released into the environment is an environmental problem. Thus our objective is to propose an effective and less expensive method for the determination of their concentrations in the environment. In this work the detection and quantification of pharmaceuticals (iohexol and paracetamol) were performed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The anode used is a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) modified with gold particles (Au-BDD). The characterization of the Au-BDD electrode surface by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy and by the electrochemical method (cyclic voltammetry) showed the presence of gold particles uniformly distributed on the anode surface. DPV method allowed to obtain two calibration curves for iohexol and paracetamol concentrations ranging respectively from 4 µM to 67.42 µM and from 0.8 µM to 22.943 µM. The limits of detection are respectively 1.13 µM and 0.045 µM for iohexol and paracetamol. These results show that the presence of gold particles on the anode surface improved the detection of paracetamol. These pharmaceuticals were detected in an ionic environment and it was noted that the interference phenomenon was very negligible during the detection of these two pharmaceuticals. This shows that our anode can be used to determine PCM and IHX concentrations in highly charged media.Keywords:
Iohexol
Differential pulse voltammetry
In this paper, a detailed investigation of electrochemical reactions coupled with homogenous chemical steps using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) was carried out to study the electrocatalytic (EC′) mechanism.
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Polypyrrole-Pd nanocomposites modified gold electrode for electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid
The fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on polypyrrole-Pd nanocomposites modified gold electrode (PPy-Pd-AuE) and its electrodetection of ascorbic acid is described. The PPy-Pd nanocomposites were synthesized by chemical method and characterized by different techniques. The Pd nanoparticles incorporated with PPy were confirmed by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, elemental dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The electrochemical behavior of polypyrrole-Pd nanocomposites towards the electro catalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The observed cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry response depended linearly on concentration of ascorbic acid in the range of 100-1000 mM with correlation coefficients of R 2 =0.977, R 2 =0.980, R 2 = 0.990 and sensitivity 7.96 mA/mM.cm 2 , 0.70 mA/mM.cm 2 and 2.10 mA/mM.cm 2 respectively. The reproducibility of PPy-Pd-AuE electrode from CV, DPV and SWV were found to be 3.9%, 4.69% and 2.98 % respectively. These results indicate the PPy-Pd-AuE exhibited excellent platform and could be used for electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid.
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The electrochemical behavior of picoplatin at multi-walled carbon nanotubes ionic liquids modified glassy carbon electrode(MWNTs-[ODMIM]PF6/GCE) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, and the method of picoplatin determination was established. The mode of intercalation between picoplatin with DNA was studied by electrochemical methods combined with UV-visible spectroscopy. The results show that one pair of redox peaks of picoplatin was obtained at MWNTs-[ODMIM]PF6/GCE by cyclic voltammetry with-0.07 V of Epa and-0.36 V of Epc, ΔE=0.29 V, and Ipa/Ipc=1.11. Under optimal conditions, the oxidization peak current was linearly related to the concentration of picoplatin in the range of 2.66~532 μmol/L with the detection limit of 1.33 μmol/L. The method was convenient, accurate, credible and sensitive, it can be used in the direct determination of picoplatin.
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Direct current (DC) voltammetry and differential pulse (DP) voltammetry using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) have been used for the determination of trace amounts of ecotoxic 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ). The limit of determination ( L D ) of DAAQ for DC voltammetry was 2 × 10 –6 mol l –1 , and for DP voltammetry 2 × 10 –7 mol l –1 under the optimized conditions in a mixed Britton–Robinson buffer pH 12 and methanol (1:9) medium. Adsorptive accummulation of the analyte on the surface of CPE decreased the limit of determination to 2 × 10 –8 mol l –1 for DP voltammetry. Practical applicability of these newly developed methods was verified on model samples of river water.
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The electrochemical study of a thiotriazole compound, 5-benzyl-4-(4'-methylphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (TTA) was made with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as working electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode in the Britton- Robinson buffer. The best results for electrooxidation of TTA were obtained in basic media (in 10% ethanol-0.2 M NaOH). This compound display one irreversible oxidation peak, which is attributed to a dimerization process involving the formation of disulphide derivative (EC mechanism).
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A hybrid nanocomposite formed by interaction of a octakis(3-chloropropyl)octasilsesquioxane (SS) modified with 4-Amino-5-Phenyl-4H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-Thiol (APhTT), and its subsequent reaction with copper and hexacyanoferrate (III) (CuHSA) was incorporated into a graphite paste electrode and the electrochemical studies were conducted with cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammogram of the graphite paste electrode modified with CuHSA, showed one redox couple with average potential Eθ'= 0.71V (vs Ag/AgCl(sat.)), attributed to the CuIIFeII(CN)6/CuIIFeIII(CN)6 process (20% w/w; v=20 mV s-1; KCl; 1.00 mol L-1). The graphite paste electrode modified with CuHSA allowed the electrocatalytic determination of L-Dopamine using electrochemical techniques such as, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Through differential pulse voltammetry was possible to evidence two linear regions in the studied concentration range and the detection limit obtained by this technique was lower than that obtained by the technique of cyclic voltammetry.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Basic Experimental Techniques in Non-Aqueous Solutions Experimental Apparatus for Non-Aqueous Systems Solvents and Supporting Electrolytes Polarography and Voltammetry of Inorganic Species Polarographic Reductions of Metal Ions Polarography and Voltammetry of Metal Complexes Polarography and Voltammetry of Anions Electrode Reactions of Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Solvated Electrons Polarography and Voltammetry of Organic Compounds Reduction of Organic Compounds Oxidation of Organic Compounds Cyclic Voltammetry for Electrochemical Studies in Non-Aqueous Solutions Digital Simulation in Cyclic Voltammetry Ultramicroelectrodes in Cyclic Voltammetry Low Temperature Electrochemistry and Cyclic Voltammetry
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Needle-type nanotube composite microelectrodes were fabricated by injecting a carbon nanotube epoxy solution into pulled-glass tubes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to study the complex impedance of the electrode and showed that the electron transfer resistance of the electrode decreases with an increase in the percentage of nanotubes in the epoxy. Cyclic voltammetry was performed under reducing conditions in 6.0mM K 3 Fe(CN) 6 to examine the surface properties of the microelectrodes. The results showed a steady-state response up to 0.5 V/s attributable to radial diffusion with a high steady-state current density. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were then used to detect dopamine. The results showed a linear response with a sensitivity of 100nA/mM. Based on the cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry results, needle-type nanotube composite microelectrodes are promising sensors for detecting neurotransmitters.
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Voltammetry studies of electrodeposition are growing rapidly. Yet, relations for the analysis of electrodeposition reactions in voltammetry remain relatively obscure in the literature. The existing cyclic and square wave voltammetry relations for electrodeposition and their limitations are discussed to increase awareness. A retrospective analysis is performed to demonstrate the impact of model selection in improving the analysis of electrodeposition behavior with voltammetric data. A repository for voltammetry models of electrodeposition is proposed to further increase familiarity and application of the most appropriate models, which would support a rapidly growing area of research and technological development.
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