Application of Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems in the Medical Field: Focusing on Functionalized Gold Nanomaterials
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Nanoparticle drug delivery systems are currently one of the hottest topics in the field of medicine. They can precisely deliver drugs to the parts of the patient that need treatment, with the goal of improving patient effectiveness and reducing drug toxicity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are considered one of the most promising nanomaterials due to their unique optical, electronic, sensing, and biochemical properties. By combining AuNPs with different ligands, functionalized gold nanoparticle (F-AuNPs) drug delivery systems can be obtained, which have broad application prospects in the field of medicine. This article focuses on the different ligand connection types of F-AuNPs and reviews the research progress of F-AuNPs drug delivery systems in the field of medicine in recent years.Keywords:
Nanomaterials
Abstract Peptide templated noble metal nanomaterials have been considered as an emerging type of nanomaterials, which can find widespread catalytic applications in a variety of organic reactions. However, their electrocatalytic properties remained largely unexplored. Herein, peptide R5 templated Au and Pt nanomaterials were fabricated and employed as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). By tuning the metal‐to‐peptide ratio, different shaped Au and Pt nanomaterials were obtained and observed by TEM measurements. With lower metal‐to‐peptide ratios, spherical nanoparticles were obtained for both Au and Pt, while higher metal‐to‐peptide ratios led to the formation of nanoribbons and/or networked nanochains. All the Au and Pt nanomaterials demonstrated good ORR activity, while R5‐Au‐90 and R5‐Pt‐90 exhibited the best performance in their own series. Morphological effects of Au and Pt nanomaterials upon ORR were established. R5‐Pt‐90 exhibited comparable activity with Pt/C, as manifested by the onset potential, specific activity as well as the long‐term durability. The findings can shed light on rational design of peptide templated noble metal nanomaterials with desired morphology and optimized electrochemical properties as catalyst for electrochemical reactions.
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This paper reports a systematic investigation of the growth and attachment of small gold nanoparticles to the functionalized surfaces of larger silica nanoparticles. Dilution of the gold nanoparticles in mixtures of water and ethanol led to the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles in aggregates of regular size and shape attached to the surfaces of the silica nanoparticles. Functionalization of the surfaces of silica nanoparticles with different terminal groups had a profound influence over the coverage of gold nanoparticles and clusters. While the hydrophilic functional groups NH2 and SH bound the gold nanoparticles, hydrophobic functional groups such as CH3 and PPh2 did not. The coverage of the gold nanoparticles and clusters on the surfaces of the silica nanoparticles was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy.
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Nanoparticles size analyzer is an important analytical instrument to characterize the size and distribution of nanomaterials.This paper reviewed the latest progress of its applications in the study of catalytic nanomaterials and catalyst carriers,magnetic nanomaterials,optoelectronic nanomaterials,and other inorganic function nanomaterials.The limitations in the application and developing direction were also indicated.
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Recently, intensive attentions have been paid on low dimensional FePt nanomaterials because of their chemical stability and potential applications in high-density data storage and high-performance permanent magnets. These applications strongly relate to morphology and size of the FePt nanomaterials. The FePt nanomaterials with varied shapes, including sphere-like nanoparticles, cube-like nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanowires, have been successfully synthesized by using different methods. In these materials, one dimensional (1D) FePt nanomaterials have been becoming a fascinating field, since the nanomaterials have obvious shape anisotropy that results into unique magnetic performances. However, controllable synthesis for 1D FePt nanomaterials still is an insurmountable problem. An improved understanding of growth mechanism is significant for controllable synthesis of 1D FePt nanomaterials. In this work, controlled FePt nanowires have been synthesized. The growth process of the nanowires has been investigated. It's expected to understand the growth mechanism of 1D FePt nanomaterials.
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Nanoparticles are used extensively to detect nucleic acid biomarkers due to their analytical applicability and sensitivity. Systems employing the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanomaterials are overwhelmingly considered to be candidates. The aggregation of gold nanomaterials mediated by the hybridization of target DNA at the interface causes a change in the surface plasmon resonance inherent in gold nanomaterials. Such changes can be measured by spectroscopy or even visualized by the naked eye, enabling effective and positive detection. The optical properties of gold nanoparticles are affected by their shape. The geometric appearance of the nanoparticles also affects their colloidal stability and aggregation behavior. In this study, we examined the effect of the geometric appearance of gold nanomaterials on DNA-mediated aggregation behavior through comparative experiments. Experimental and theoretical methods were used concurrently to derive accurate results and to support the hypotheses. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were performed with a large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator to understand the aggregation of nanoparticles with the same surface area and various aspect ratios. As a result, we confirmed that the aggregation sensitivity of nanoparticles was affected by the shape of the contact point with the gold nanomaterials. This study demonstrates that the design of a detection system should be accompanied by an in-depth review of the morphology of the nanoparticle.
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