Regulatory roles of epigenetic modifications in plant-phytopathogen interactions
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Abstract As a sessile organism, plants have evolved a complex and sophisticated immune system to defend against various pathogenic microbes effectively. However, microbes have also developed complicated and delicate strategies to suppress host immunity and successfully colonize the host. Dynamic plant‒pathogen interactions require rapid and fine-tuned regulation of their gene expression. Increasing evidence has revealed that epigenetic regulation plays key roles in plant defense-related transcriptional reprogramming, as well as microbe pathogenicity. In this review, we summarize and highlight the current progress in understanding the roles of epigenetic regulation and factors, including DNA/RNA modification, histone modification, chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNAs, in plant immunity, phytopathogen pathogenicity and their interactions. We also discuss that epigenetic regulation emerges as an efficient strategy for crop breeding and plant disease control.Keywords:
Plant Immunity
Reprogramming
Epigenesis
Cancer develops through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. The role of genetic alterations in cancer development has been demonstrated by reverse genetic approaches. However, evidence indicating the functional significance of epigenetic abnormalities remains limited due to the lack of means to actively modify coordinated epigenetic regulations in the genome. Application of the reprogramming technology may help researchers to overcome this limitation and shed new light on cancer research. Reprogramming is accompanied by dynamic changes of epigenetic modifications and is therefore considered to be a useful tool to induce global epigenetic changes in cancer genomes. We herein discuss the similarities between reprogramming processes and carcinogenesis and propose the potential use of reprogramming technology to help understanding of the significance of epigenetic regulations in cancer cells. We, also discuss the application of induced pluripotent stem cell technology to cancer modeling based on the similar characteristics between pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells.
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Epigenetic regulations play a central role in governing the embryo development and somatic cell reprogramming. Taking advantage of recent advances in low-input sequencing techniques, researchers have uncovered a comprehensive view of the epigenetic landscape during rapid transcriptome transitions involved in the cell fate commitment. The well-organized epigenetic reprogramming also highlights the essential roles of specific epigenetic regulators to support efficient regulation of transcription activity and chromatin remodeling. This review briefly introduces the recent progress in the molecular dynamics and regulation mechanisms implicated in mouse early embryo development and somatic cell reprograming, as well as the multi-omics regulatory mechanisms of totipotency mediated by several key factors, which provide valuable resources for further investigations on the complicated regulatory network in essential biological events.
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Seminal studies by Dr. Shinya Yamanaka revealed that reprogramming technology was able to convert differentiated somatic cells to self-renewing and pluripotent stem cells. Although reprogramming process does not require changes in the genome information, cellular reprogramming elicits dynamic changes of epigenetic regulation. Therefore, reprogramming technology is a powerful tool for the modifying epigenetic regulation. Previous studies have reported that epigenetic regulation plays a critical role on both the development and maintenance of cancer cells. Taking advantage of reprogramming technology, previous studies have actively modified the epigenome of cancer cells and revealed the importance of the coordinated interactions between genetic abnormalities and epigenetic regulation in cancer cells. In this review, we describe advances and challenges in the use of reprogramming technology for studying cancer biology.
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Cells all share essentially the same genome, which is shaped by the developmental program to bring about various outcomes. It is well known that epigenetic regulation is a key process in determining the different cell functional output from the genetic information. Somatic reprogramming is a dramatic demonstration of this effect, and has opened the gate to the investigation of cell fate determination as cells reverse the developmental program. These studies have revealed which epigenetic marks set during normal development are important for cell specification. Here, we review the epigenetic landmarks that cells pass through during somatic reprogramming, and give an overview to the many remaining unclear epigenetic regulatory events that occurs during reprogramming. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(11):854–857, 2016
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Epigenetic control of gene regulation is fundamental to the maintenance of cellular identities during all stages of metazoan life. Tissue regeneration involves cellular reprogramming processes, like dedifferentiation, re‐differentiation, and trans‐differentiation. Hence, in these processes epigenetic maintenance of gene expression programs requires a resetting through mechanisms that we are only beginning to understand. Here we summarize the current status of these studies, in particular regarding the role of epigenetic mechanisms of cellular reprogramming during tissue regeneration.
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