Role of Aminolevulinic Acid in Mediating Salinity Stress Tolerance in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
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Helianthus annuus
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The phytoindication properties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as a possible bioindicator of anthropogenic load of the territory are analyzed in the article by means of a technique of estimation of size of fluctuating asymmetry of a leaf plate of plants. The influence of the spatial location of sunflower crops and the influence of genotype on the development of morphometric traits of plants were studied. The study was conducted in late July 2019–2020, when the vegetative organs of sunflower reached their maximum development. The material was selected for research at nine points (nine fields) located in the Zaporizhzhia region, at different distances and in different directions from the industrial zone of Zaporizhzhia (Zavodsky district). To study the influence of genotype on the morphological characteristics of sunflower, a study of eight hybrids that grew under the same conditions in the demonstration area in Vasylivka district of Zaporizhzhia region was conducted. The integrated index of fluctuating asymmetry of sunflower was in the range of 0.062–0.114, with the largest indicator of fluctuating asymmetry was observed in the area closest to the industrial zone of Zaporizhzhia – north of Zaporizhzhia. The lowest rate was observed in the area – 5 – east of Zaporizhzhia. The integrated index of fluctuating asymmetry of sunflower hybrids grown in the same soil and climatic conditions in the demonstration area ranged from 0.070 to 0.093. Based on research conducted in 2019–2020, we concluded that the species sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), despite its distribution, is not suitable for use as a bioindication plant in the study of the level of man-made load in the area. We obtained significant differences in the development of morphometric parameters of sunflower leaves (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in areas far from the industrial zone of Zaporizhzhia. Hybrids, which differed in morpho-economic characteristics, were grown in the same soil and climatic conditions and with the same agricultural techniques, on the demonstration site, also showed significant fluctuations in the integral index of fluctuating asymmetry.
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Fluctuating asymmetry
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Abstract Plant species differ in their external and internal boron (B) requirements. The present research was conducted to establish the external and internal B requirements of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at early vegetative growth. At low external B concentrations (≤ 0.13 μM), the growth of sunflower was severely depressed but by contrast the vegetative growth of wheat plants was free of B deficiency "symptoms. Sunflower plants achieved maximum growth at ≥ 1.2 μM B in solutions while wheat plants did so at ≥ 0.6 μM B. The critical B concentrations (mg kg−1 dry matter) in the youngest open leaf blades of sunflower and wheat plants were 19.7 and 1.2 at 10 days after transplanting (DAT), respectively. Acknowledgments
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Transplanting
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This review aims to evaluate the effect of agricultural waste on the growth of potted sunflowers.The rational utilization of agricultural waste is an important approach to address environmental issues and enhance agricultural sustainability.By comprehensively analyzing the findings and outcomes of relevant studies, this review explores the potential application value of agricultural waste in sunflower cultivation.Furthermore, it presents recommendations for further research and future prospects.These include comparing the effects of different types of agricultural waste on sunflower growth, delving into the mechanisms of agricultural waste, considering the comprehensive impact of environmental factors, and assessing the feasibility of practical applications.This study provides guidance for exploring future research directions and contributes important theoretical and practical value to promote the sustainable utilization of agricultural waste and the sustainable development of agricultural production.
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Forty-six testcrosses sunflower produced in 2010 season from two testers, (A3 and A21).Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) and 23 S1 lines at Shandaweel Agri.Res.Station.In 2011 season, the experiment included 46 top-crosses, two testers (B3 and B21) and Giza102.The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used.Data were recorded on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, stalk diameter, head diameter, 100-achene weight, achene yield/plant, achene yield/plot and oil content.The results show highly significant differences among half-sibs for all the studied traits.These results indicate the presence of diversity among half-sib families.Heterosis of the best 10 H.S families in oil content relative to the grand mean ranged from 4.53 to 13.65% but the heterosis ranged from 2.37 to 11.04% relative to the base pop.were Nos. 3, 8, 17, 24, 28, 30, 34, 36, 38 and 46.The results indicated that the respective S1 lines would have good g.c.a for oil content and were selected as parents to produce the first cycle of recurrent selection for the H.S pop.Broad sense heritability (H) for half-sib families were high for all studied traits except for days to 50% flowering, it was moderate.Phenotypic coefficients of variability for various traits were relatively higher than genotypic coefficient of variability for H.S families because the phenotypic variance included the effect of environment.Oil content was negative and insignificant correlated with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, head diameter and 100-achene weight, but was positive, poor and insignificant with achene yield.Achene yield/plot was positively and highly significant correlated with achene yield/plant, 100-achene weight and head diameter.population undergoing selection (Mather & Jinks 1971; Roy 2000).Recurrent half-sib selection has been widely employed for improving populations in maize.It has been applied to the present sunflower population.Yenice & Arslan (1997) they reported that, hybrid vigour under irrigated conditions was 92.62% for oil yield, 77.90% for seed yield, 48.24% for diameter of the seedless center of the head, 8.87% for 1000-seed weight, 7.57% for husk percentage, 5.51% for oil percentage and 4.90% for stalk yield.There was no heterosis for plant height and head diameter.Nehru et al. (2000) found that the majority of the crosses showed heterosis for the mid-parental values indicating non-additive action.Seneviratne et al. (2004) found that heritability values were high for seed yield, 100-seed weight, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, head diameter and oil yield.High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for head diameter and oil yield.Syeda et al. (2011) found that, low to high level of genetic variability existed among the hybrids for head diameter, seed yield/plant and yield/hectare.Muhammad et al. (2013) found that the weight of hundred seed had positive but non-significant association with the head diameter and the seed yield.Seed yield had negative correlation with oil contents and suggested to break it either through conventional or novel breeding techniques to breed high yielding hybrids with maximum oil contents.The objectives of this study: 1. Estimate the heterosis as the best criterion for producing crosses.2. Identify the desirable S1 lines per se and availability to use these lines in synthetic variety production after testing of their combining abilities.Table (1) Form of the analysis of variance for H.S.
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Achene
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The potted experiment was conducted to determine the exogenous role of proline to induce salinity tolerance in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Salinity levels (0, 60 and 120 mmol ) were created according to the saturation percentage of soil. Different levels (0, 30, 60 mmol) of proline were applied as a foliar spray on sunflower under saline and non saline conditions. Application of proline as a foliar spray ameliorated the toxic effects of salinity on growth, physiological and biochemical attributes of sunflower. Among different levels of proline, 60 mmol was found to be the most effective in ameliorating the toxic effects of salinity on sunflower.
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Abstract Abstract Gas exchange characteristics were investigated in the showy sunflower (Helianthus laetiflora) and in the common sunflower (H. annuus) to determine the importance of stomatal control of photosynthesis under glasshouse conditions. Leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were measured on a leaf‐area basis of pot‐grown plants in the glasshouse by a portable photosynthesis measuring system. In response to gradually increasing light, Pn showed a sharp increase and then remained steady for both sunflower species, whereas the response of Ci was the inverse, first decreasing with increasing light before later becoming steady. In the common sunflower, gs increased and then remained constant with increasing light (similar to Pn), whereas in the showy sunflower, gs remained relatively constant except for slight fluctuations evident at the lowest light levels. The responses of Pn and gs to Ci were similar to the light responses in both sunflower species. Similar changes in the diurnal response of Pn and Ci were observed in both sunflowers, both species increased (for Pn) or decreased (for Ci) during the day. In the showy sunflower, gs hardly changed during the day, whereas in the common sunflower it increased and then decreased. Obvious positive correlations between Pn and gs were observed in the common sunflower, more so than in the showy sunflower. The limitation of stomata to photosynthesis (Ls) was greater in the common sunflower but the values of Ls were high in both species. It is suggested that stomatal control plays a role in both species but that there was a more obvious stomatal limitation to photosynthesis in the common sunflower under unstressed conditions. The difference in photosynthetic characteristics may correlate with different physiological specialisations in the two species. Keywords: gas exchangephysiological specialisationstomatal correlationstomatal limitationsunflower
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Stomatal Conductance
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The present work was undertaken to evaluate volunteer corn control through the application of graminicides singly or combined with boron (B) sources as well as to assess the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) response to the application of this micronutrient.Experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with randomized complete blocks and five replications.The treatments applied were haloxyfop-methyl 0.048 kg a.i.ha -1 plus 0.5% (v/v) mineral oil, sethoxydim 0.22 kg a.i.ha -1 plus 0.5% (v/v) mineral oil, clethodim 0.12 kg a.i.ha -1 plus 0.5% (v/v) mineral oil, fluazifop-p-butyl 0.187 kg a.i.ha -1 and the hand-hoed control.The sub-plots consisted of the absence or presence of 400 g ha -1 of B from two sources (H 3 BO 3 -boric acid and Na 2 B 8 O 13 .4H 2 O-sodium borate), applied with the herbicides.All herbicides applied singly or combined with the two B sources were selective for the sunflower crop and efficient in controlling volunteer corn.The application of B in association with herbicides increased the content of this micronutrient in sunflower leaves.
Helianthus annuus
Boric acid
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Magnesium content was analyzed in five of the most grown sunflower hybrids in Serbia, as well as in different populations of wild sunflower species: Helianthus agrophyllus (5), Helianthus annuus (4), Helianthus neglectus (3), Helianthus petiolaris (5), Helianthus tuberosus (5). Magnesium content in the populations of wild sunflower species ranged from 317 to 824 mg/100 g DW. The highest magnesium content was found in Helianthus petiolaris and the lowest in Helianthus tuberosus. Different populations within each species differed significantly in magnesium content. The highest variation coefficient was found in Helianthus tuberosus and the lowest in Helianthus petiolaris. Magnesium concentration in hybrids was significantly different as well, and in two years it was in average between 575 and 813 mg/g DW. The results suggest that genetic variability between magnesium concentrations in wild species and hybrids of sunflower is very high. This should be taken into consideration when requirements for mineral nutrition are analyzed, as well as when wild species are included in breeding programs.
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