Evaluation of Methane Emission Reduction Potential of Water Management and Chinese Milk Vetch Planting in Hunan Paddy Rice Fields
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In order to explore the methane reduction potential with two scenarios of water management and Chinese Milk Vetch return, we calculated the methane emissions of Hunan Province rice fields in 2019 using the SECTOR tool based on Excel and released by the International Rice Research Institute. Thus, we preliminarily established an agricultural carbon emissions monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system. The results showed that: (1) There was significant spatial variation in methane emissions in Hunan rice fields, with higher emissions in both the south and north and lower emissions in the east and west. Late rice was the main contributor to methane emissions, and the cities of Changde, Hengyang, Yueyang, and Shaoyang were high-emission areas due to differences in rice planting types and areas. Compared with flooding (1275.75 Gg), optimized water management measures (mid-drainage and AWD irrigation) reduced methane emissions by 29~45% (905.79 and 701.66 Gg, respectively). (2) Under the same nitrogen input conditions, compared with a solely straw return (375.24 Gg), combining green manure with straw return could partially reduce methane emissions from Hunan super hybrid rice (327.63 Gg). Compared with the control fertilizers (404.28 Gg), the reduction rates of winter-planted Chinese Milk Vetch, the return of rice straw, and the incorporation of both Chinese Milk Vetch and straw were 7.19%, 13.01%, and 18.96%, respectively. Based on scientific accounting tools, a preliminary MRV system for rice field carbon emissions was established. Under the national demand for reducing fertilizer use and increasing efficiency, equal nitrogen organic amendments could effectively contribute to the development of green, low-carbon, and high-quality agriculture.Keywords:
Paddy field
Methane Emissions
Manure management
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Effectiveness of rice straw in combination with different proportions of urea in supplying nitrogen to rice and wheat, grown in sequence, was studied in field. Straw and urea combinations registered lower grain yield of rice than integrated use of conventional manures and urea. A very high dose of urea with rice straw was necessary to get good yield. At early growth stages of rice, straw-urea materials recorded higher N uptake but they failed to compete with manures at latter stages. Use of dhaincha plus urea in 1: 1 ratio was found to be the best in terms of yield and N uptake by rice. Beneficial effect of straw incorporation could not be observed in succeeding wheat crop also.
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This study applied the DNDC-Rice model and simulated against field observation in Thailand. Simulated CH4 emission data shown acceptable results compared to field observation recorded. Rice straw incorporation into field plays important role on CH4 emission by continuous increase soil organic carbon as well as soil iron contents, consequently to low soil Eh which is suitable for CH4 production. Higher amount of rice straw applied induces higher CH4 emission vice versa. Therefore, reduction of rice straw amount incorporation into soil is possible practical mitigation options for CH4 production.
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[Objective]The aim was to provide a reference for the application of straw bio-reactor technology.[Method] The effects of straw species on application of straw bio-reactor technology were elaborated,by carrying out a different types of application effect of straw test for corn stalks and rice straw.[Result] Applying bio-reactor on cucumber with facility cultivation,the yield of applying corn stalks increased by 5.26% than applying rice straw,and the output value increased by 5.55%.Applying bio-reactor on tomato with facility cultivation,the yield of applying corn stalks increased by 5.26% than applying rice straw,and the output value increased by 5.55%.[Conclusion] Applying bio-reactor technology on cucumber and tomato production in greenhouse,the yield increased by applying rice straw than corn straw,and the rice straw could be chosen in the main rice-growing areas.
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Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to estimate the availability to rice plants of Si contained in rice straw. To separate the effect of straw application on Si availability in soil, two kinds of rice straws, which contained 15.5% (+ Si straw) and 0.2% SiO2 (—Si straw), were used at a rate of 1% of air-dry soil, respectively. Rice plants were cultivated twice during a period of 2 months each. Results of the two harvests indicated that +Si straw application increased the Si concentration in the percolating water, the Si content of rice shoots, and soil-available silicate. However, compared to the Si contained in the added straw, the release of Si from the +Si straw was only about 6% in the first cultivation, and 3% in the second cultivation, respectively. The — Si straw application was not associated with any of the effects observed in the +Si straw application. Successive water extractions showed that the solubility of Si in the +Si straw was lower than that of silica gel, but much higher than that of opal. These facts suggest that the short term availability of Si in the straw applied to the soil is low and the application of materials with a higher availability of Si such as slags may be desirable for satisfactory growth of rice plant.
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Nine adult female albino rabilts (18-30m; 2.28+0.07), divided equally Into 3 groups, were fed on a concentrate mixture (CM) containing rice straw either treated with urea (A) or treated with Coprinus fimetarius fungus (15) or untreated (C) for 6 m. It was observed that the total DM consumption as well as N balances were similar in all groups. However, N retention expressed as percent of obsorbed N was apparently higher in the B than in A or C groups. Histopathological observations revealed no lesions which could be attributed to the feeding of fungal treated straw. Furthermore, the rabbits fed CM with fungal treated rice straw (B) consumed more feed (P>0.05) than those fed other diets. However, no mortality was. recorded in any of the groups during 6m of experiment indicating there by fungal treated rice straw was non-toxic.
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Management of rice straw is of environmental concern because it significantly affects methane (CH4) emissions from rice paddies. To evaluate straw-application effects on paddies those have different cultivation histories, we measured CH4 emissions in continuously cultivated rice paddy (CP) and recently converted paddy (RP) (from soybean cultivation) with rice straw treatments (+S). Further, we hypothesized that changes in i) soil Fe (III) reduction and ii) population dynamics of methanogens were responsible for the different responses of CH4 emissions due to straw application between CP and RP. Methane (CH4) emission from CP+S was 2-fold larger than that from RP+S, although relative enhancement was higher in later (492%) than the former (289%) compared with no straw application. Stoichiometric evaluation revealed that applied rice straw acted as an exogenous source of electron donor for CH4 production, especially in CP. Our results showed that the increase in CH4 emissions by straw application was much greater in continuous than short term paddy.
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Paddy field
Methane Emissions
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[Objective] The study was to provide the theoretical basis for rational utilization of straw resources.[Method] With different rice and rape varieties as the materials and the treatment without straw application as CK,the effects of straw returning for successive years on yields of rice and succeeding rape under the conditions of none-water layer irrigation cultivation and conventional flooded cultivation were studied.[Result] Under conventional flooded cultivation condition,rice yields in treatments of wheat straw and rape straw mixed with soil were increased by 5.9%-7.2% that that of CK in the first year,but rice yields of the 2 treatments in the second,the third and the fourth year were decreased by 6.7%-8.0%,16.0%-17.9% and 22.6%-23.9% than that of CK resp..Under none-water layer irrigation cultivation condition,rice yields in treatments with straw returning were increased by 6.3%-11.5% than that of CK in the first year,but rice yields of the treatments in the second,the third and the fourth year were decreased by 0-21.3%,2.1%-2.8% and 9.6%-11.6% than that of CK resp.Rape yields in treatments with straw returning were increased by 1.8%-9.3% than that of CK,and those in the second and the third year were increased by 4.3%-10.6% and 5.9%-14.1% than that of CK resp..[Conclusion] After straw returning,rice yield was increased in the first year.After straw returning for successive years,rape yield increased year by year.
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Methane emission in the late-rice paddy field is characterized by a declining trend with growth of the rice and a positive relationship between daily emission rate and air temperature. Application of rice straw in soil (ARSS) could increase methane emission by 51.11%, and application of rice straw on soil surface (ARSSS) only by 33.98%. The rice tillering stage is a peak period for methane emission. At this stage, the methane emitted amounted to 65.6% of the total emitted throughout the whole growth stage of rice. Applying rice straw could increase the proportion of methane emitted at the rice tillering stage. Compared with ARSS, ARSSS decreased methane emission more significantly in the rice tillering stage and at daily peak emission time of 12∶00～16∶00. The diurnal change in soil temperature at 5 cm depth was highly related with content of methane dissolved in the soil water. ARSSS could remarkably reduce the content compared with ARSS in the layer of cultivated soil of paddy field.\;
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