First Report of Fusarium Sacchari Causing Root Rot of Tobacco in China
Rui QiuYingying ZhangXiaojie LiCaihong LiWenyi FangChang LiuLi ChenjunYuguo ChenBai JingkeXu MinRuifang SongShujun Li
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The occurrence of root rot of tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) was observed in the fields of Xianchengxian, China. The symptoms showed as plant wilt, leaves chlorosis and root necrosis. The isolated fungus was identified as Fusarium sacchari by the morphological characteristics and molecular identification of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2) gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated three-loci of EF-1α, RPB1 and RPB2 showed that the isolate was placed in the F. sacchari group. The pathogenicity test showed that F. sacchari cause root rot of tobacco. This is the first report of F. sacchari causing root rot of tobacco in China.Keywords:
Root rot
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The problem ofMade in Chinahas already been an important task for the economy development and intellectual property rights of China.Since China joined WTO,more and more foreign enterprises have entered into China.The Chinese reform and opening policy have profited from the fast and wealthy development ofMade in China, and many foreign enterprises have also benefited from it in China.After thirty years of reform and opening policy,the tendency ofMade in Chinaand independent intellectual property rights of China will decide the future development of China.AndChina Designis not only the important content for intellectual property rights of China,but also the necessary positive factor for the development ofMade in China. In fact,design means innovation.A country without design will never develop fast.
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Wheat samples with symptoms of Fusarium head blight were collected from 12 area 26 cities and counties in Sichuan province in 2002-2004.A total of 345 isolates were identified to be seven Fusarium species according to Booth classification standards.There were Fusarium graminearum(94.5 %isolates),Fusarium avenaceum(2.61 %isolates),Fusarium moniliforme(0.87 %isolates),Fusarium tricinctum(0.58 %isolates),Fusarium equiseti(0.29 %isolates),Fusarium culmorum(0.29 %isolates)and Fusarium nivale(0.29 %isolates).
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Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an economically important plant disease. Some Fusarium species produce mycotoxins that cause food safety concerns for both humans and animals. One especially important mycotoxin-producing fungus causing FHB is Fusarium graminearum. However, Fusarium species form a disease complex where different Fusarium species co-occur in the infected cereals. Effective management strategies for FHB are needed. Development of the management tools requires information about the diversity and abundance of the whole Fusarium community. Molecular quantification assays for detecting individual Fusarium species and subgroups exist, but a method for the detection and quantification of the whole Fusarium group is still lacking. In this study, a new TaqMan-based qPCR method (FusE) targeting the Fusarium-specific elongation factor region (EF1α) was developed for the detection and quantification of Fusarium spp. The FusE method was proven as a sensitive method with a detection limit of 1 pg of Fusarium DNA. Fusarium abundance results from oat samples correlated significantly with deoxynivalenol (DON) toxin content. In addition, the whole Fusarium community in Finnish oat samples was characterized with a new metabarcoding method. A shift from F. culmorum to F. graminearum in FHB-infected oats has been detected in Europe, and the results of this study confirm that. These new molecular methods can be applied in the assessment of the Fusarium community and mycotoxin risk in cereals. Knowledge gained from the Fusarium community analyses can be applied in developing and selecting effective management strategies for FHB.
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Prevalence of toxigenic species of Fusarium in maize samples collected in Ethiopia was investigated. The three toxigenic species of Fusarium most often associated with Ethiopian maize grain were Fusarium verticillioides [= F. moniliforme] (51.7%), Fusarium subglutinans (24.2%) and Fusarium graminearum (13.9%). Other Fusarium species contributed 10.2% of the total species recovered. A large number of strains of F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans and F. graminearum are known to produce toxic secondary metabolites. The incidence of Fusarium species and the mycotoxins they produce have been positively correlated with numerous toxicoses of man and animals. Thus, the prevalence rate of these toxigenic Fusarium species in Ethiopian maize, destined for human consumption, suggests the possible contamination of maize and its products by Fusarium mycotoxins. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Vol. 23, No. 1 (June 2000), pp. 73-86 Key words/phrases: Ethiopia, Fusarium, maize, malt, mycotoxins
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We Chinese must have such a sober cognition as the fact of “China’s rise” has been exaggerated by western public opinion. “China’s rise” should be accurately interpreted as “China is now rising”.The reason for this is that China has a big gap against the rising target on economy and colligate national power etc. Now China only stands at starting point, with basic foundation and condition.
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Chinese economy
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China in 2020: the leadership and the Party China 2020: international relations The Chinese economy in the next decade China's military in 2020 China's environment in 2020 China's western regions 2020: their national and global implications China's rule of law China's 'soft power' development by 2020.
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Fusarium culmorum
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In this study, conducted for three years on eleven malting barley varieties cultivated in central Italy, the incidence of different mycotoxigenic fungal genera, the identification of the Fusarium species associated with the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) complex, and kernels contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 mycotoxins were determined. The influence of climatic conditions on Fusarium infections and FHB complex composition was also investigated. Fusarium species were always present in the three years and the high average and maximum temperatures during anthesis mainly favored their occurrence. The FHB complex was subject to changes during the three years and the main causal agents were F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. graminearum, which, even if constantly present, never represented the principal FHB agent. The relative incidence of Fusarium species changed because of climatic conditions occurring during the seasons. The FHB complex was composed of many different Fusarium species and some of them were associated with a specific variety and/or with specific weather parameters, indicating that the interaction between a certain plant genotype and climatic conditions may influence the presence of Fusarium spp. causing infections. With regard to mycotoxin contamination, T-2 toxin, in some cases, was found in kernels at levels that exceeded EU recommended values.
Anthesis
Species complex
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With 30 years of reform and opening-up to the outside world,China has made great progress in strengthening her power and improving people's life.This is closely related to the improved external environment.The Sino-Japanese governmental economic cooperation revolved around Japan's ODA policies towards China is one of the factors that has promoted rapid development in China.
Economic reform
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